User guide for the chrony suite

1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

Chrony is a software package for maintaining the accuracy of computer system clocks. It consists of a pair of programs :

• chronyd. This is a daemon which runs in background on the system. It obtains measurements (e.g. via the network) of the system’s offset relative to other systems, and adjusts the system time accordingly. For isolated systems, the user can periodically enter the correct time by hand (using chronyc). In either case, chronyd determines the rate at which the computer gains or loses time, and compensates for this.

  chronyd can also act as an NTP server, and provide a time-of-day service to other computers. A typical set-up is to run chronyd on a gateway computer that has a dial-up link to the Internet, and use it to serve time to computers on a private LAN sitting behind the gateway. The IP addresses that can act as clients of chronyd can be tightly controlled. The default is no client access.

• chronyc. This is a command-line driven control and monitoring program. An administrator can use this to fine-tune various parameters within the daemon, add or delete servers etc whilst the daemon is running.

  The IP addresses from which chronyc clients may connect can be tightly controlled. The default is just the computer that chronyd itself is running on.

1.2 Acknowledgements

The chrony suite makes use of the algorithm known as RSA Data Security, Inc. MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm for authenticating messages between different machines on the network.

In writing the chronyd program, extensive use has been made of RFC1305, written by David Mills. The ntp suite’s source code has been occasionally used to check details of the protocol that the RFC did not make absolutely clear. The core algorithms in chronyd are all completely distinct from ntp, however.

1.3 Availability

1.3.1 Getting the software

Links on the chrony home page describe how to obtain the software.

1.3.2 Platforms

Although most of the program is portable between Unix-like systems, there are parts that have to be tailored to each specific vendor’s system. These are the parts that interface with the operating system’s facilities for adjusting the system clock; different operating systems may provide different function calls to achieve this, and even where the same function is used it may have different quirks in its behaviour.

The software is known to work in the following environments:

• Linux 2.2 and newer
• NetBSD
• BSD/386
• Solaris 2.3/2.5/2.5.1/2.6/2.7/2.8 on Sparc (Sparc 20, Ultrasparc) and i386
• SunOS 4.1.4 on Sparc 2 and Sparc20.

Closely related systems may work too, but they have not been tested.

Porting the software to other system (particularly to those supporting an adjtime system call) should not be difficult, however it requires access to such systems to test out the driver.

1.4 Relationship to other software packages

1.4.1 ntpd

The ‘reference’ implementation of the Network Time Protocol is the program ntpd, available via The NTP home page.

One of the main differences between ntpd and chronyd is in the algorithms used to control the computer’s clock. Things chronyd can do better than ntpd:

• chronyd can perform usefully in an environment where access to the time reference is intermittent. ntpd needs regular polling of the reference to work well.
• chronyd can usually synchronise the clock faster and with better time accuracy.
• chronyd quickly adapts to sudden changes in the rate of the clock (e.g. due to changes in the temperature of the crystal oscillator). ntpd may need a long time to settle down again.
• chronyd can perform well even when the network is congested for longer periods of time.
• chronyd in the default configuration never steps the time to not upset other running programs. ntpd can be configured to never step the time too, but it has to use a different means of adjusting the clock, which has some disadvantages.
• chronyd can adjust the rate of the clock on Linux in a larger range, which allows it to operate even on machines with broken or unstable clock (e.g. in some virtual machines).

Things chronyd can do that ntpd can’t:

• chronyd provides support for isolated networks whether the only method of time correction is manual entry (e.g. by the administrator looking at a clock). chronyd can look at the errors corrected at different updates to work out the rate at which the computer gains or loses time, and use this estimate to trim the computer clock subsequently.
• chronyd provides support to work out the gain or loss rate of the ‘real-time clock’, i.e. the clock that maintains the time when the computer is turned off. It can use this data when the system boots to set the system time from a corrected version of the real-time clock. These real-time clock facilities are only available on Linux, so far.

Things ntpd can do that chronyd can’t:

• ntpd fully supports NTP version 4 (RFC5905), including broadcast, multicast, manycast clients / servers and the orphan mode. It also supports extra authentication schemes based on public-key cryptography (RFC5906). chronyd uses NTP version 3 (RFC1305), which is compatible with version 4.
• ntpd has been ported to more types of computer / operating system.
• ntpd includes drivers for many reference clocks. chronyd relies on other programs (e.g. gpsd) to access the data from the reference clocks.

1.4.2 timed

timed is a program that is part of the BSD networking suite. It uses broadcast packets to find all machines running the daemon within a subnet. The machines elect a master which periodically measures the system clock offsets of the other computers using ICMP timestamps. Corrections are sent to each member as a result of this process.

Problems that may arise with timed are :

• Because it uses broadcasts, it is not possible to isolate its functionality to a particular group of computers; there is a risk of upsetting other computers on the same network (e.g. where a whole company is on the same subnet but different departments are independent from the point of view of administering their computers.)
• The update period appears to be 10 minutes. Computers can build up significant offsets relative to each other in that time. If a computer can estimate its rate of drift it can keep itself closer to the other computers between updates by adjusting its clock every few seconds. timed does not seem to do this.
• timed does not have any integrated capability for feeding real-time into its estimates, or for estimating the average rate of time loss/gain of the machines relative to real-time (unless one of the computers in the group has access to an external reference and is always appointed as the ‘master’).

timed does have the benefit over chronyd that for isolated networks of computers, they will track the ‘majority vote’ time. For such isolated networks, chronyd requires one computer to be the ‘master’ with the others slaved to it. If the master has a particular defective clock, the whole set of computers will tend to slip relative to real time (but they will stay accurate relative to one another).

1.5 Distribution rights and (lack of) warranty

Chrony may be distributed in accordance with the GNU General Public License version 2, reproduced in See GPL.

1.6 Bug reporting and suggestions

If you think you’ve found a bug in chrony, or have a suggestion, please let us know. You can join chrony users mailing list by sending a message with the subject subscribe to chrony-users-request@chrony.tuxfamily.org. Only subscribers can post to the list.

When you are reporting a bug, please send us all the information you can. Unfortunately, chrony has proven to be one of those programs where it is very difficult to reproduce bugs in a different environment. So we may have to interact with you quite a lot to obtain enough extra logging and tracing to pin-point the problem in some cases. Please be patient and plan for this!

Of course, if you can debug the problem yourself and send us a source code patch to fix it, we will be very grateful!

1.7 Contributions

Although chrony is now a fairly mature and established project, there are still areas that could be improved. If you can program in C and have some expertise in these areas, you might be able to fill the gaps.

Particular areas that need addressing are :

1. Porting to other Unices

   This involves creating equivalents of sys_solaris.c, sys_linux.c etc for the new system. Note, the Linux driver has been reported as working on a range of different architectures (Alpha, Sparc, MIPS as well as x86 of course).

2. Porting to Windows NT

   A small amount of work on this was done under Cygwin. Only the sorting out of the include files has really been achieved so far. The two main areas still to address are

   1. The system clock driver.
   2. How to make chronyd into an NT service (i.e. what to replace fork(), setsid() etc with so that chronyd can be automatically started in the system bootstrap.
3. More drivers for reference clock support

2 Installation

The software is distributed as source code which has to be compiled. The source code is supplied in the form of a gzipped tar file, which unpacks to a subdirectory identifying the name and version of the program.

After unpacking the source code, change directory into it, and type

./configure

This is a shell script that automatically determines the system type. There is a single optional parameter, --prefix which indicates the directory tree where the software should be installed. For example,

./configure --prefix=/opt/free

will install the chronyd daemon into /opt/free/sbin and the chronyc control program into /opt/free/bin. The default value for the prefix is /usr/local.

The configure script assumes you want to use gcc as your compiler. If you want to use a different compiler, you can configure this way:

CC=cc CFLAGS=-O ./configure --prefix=/opt/free

for Bourne-family shells, or

setenv CC cc
setenv CFLAGS -O
./configure --prefix=/opt/free

for C-family shells.

If the software cannot (yet) be built on your system, an error message will be shown. Otherwise, Makefile will be generated.

If editline or readline library is available, chronyc will be built with line editing support. If you don’t want this, specify the –disable-readline flag to configure. Please refer to see line editing support for more information.

If a timepps.h header is available (e.g. from the LinuxPPS project), chronyd will be built with PPS API reference clock driver. If the header is installed in a location that isn’t normally searched by the compiler, you can add it to the searched locations by setting CPPFLAGS variable to -I/path/to/timepps.

Now type

make

to build the programs.

If you want to build the manual in plain text, HTML and info versions, type

make docs

Once the programs have been successfully compiled, they need to be installed in their target locations. This step normally needs to be performed by the superuser, and requires the following command to be entered.

make install

This will install the binaries, plain text manual and manpages.

To install the HTML and info versions of the manual as well, enter the command

make install-docs

If you want chrony to appear in the top level info directory listing, you need to run the install-info command manually after this step. install-info takes 2 arguments. The first is the path to the chrony.info file you have just installed. This will be the argument you gave to –prefix when you configured (/usr/local by default), with /share/info/chrony.info on the end. The second argument is the location of the file called dir. This will typically be /usr/share/info/dir. So the typical command line would be

install-info /usr/local/share/info/chrony.info /usr/share/info/dir

Now that the software is successfully installed, the next step is to set up a configuration file. The default location of the file is /etc/chrony/chrony.conf. Suppose you want to use public NTP servers from the pool.ntp.org project as your time reference. A minimal useful configuration file could be

server 0.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 1.pool.ntp.org iburst
server 2.pool.ntp.org iburst
makestep 10 3

Then, chronyd can be run.

2.1 Support for line editing libraries

Chronyc can be built with support for line editing, this allows you to use the cursor keys to replay and edit old commands. Two libraries are supported which provide such functionality, editline and GNU readline.

Please note that readline since version 6.0 is licensed under GPLv3+ which is incompatible with chrony’s license GPLv2. You should use editline instead if you don’t want to use older readline versions.

The configure script will automatically enable the line editing support if one of the supported libraries is available. If they are both available, the editline library will be used.

If you don’t want to use it (in which case chronyc will use a minimal command line interface), invoke configure like this:

./configure --disable-readline other-options...

If you have editline, readline or ncurses installed in locations that aren’t normally searched by the compiler and linker, you need to use extra options:

‘--with-readline-includes=directory_name’

This defines the name of the directory above the one where readline.h is. readline.h is assumed to be in editline or readline subdirectory of the named directory.

‘--with-readline-library=directory_name’

This defines the directory containing the libedit.a or libedit.so file, or libreadline.a or libreadline.so file.

‘--with-ncurses-library=directory_name’

This defines the directory containing the libncurses.a or libncurses.so file.

2.2 Extra options for package builders

The configure and make procedures have some extra options that may be useful if you are building a distribution package for chrony.

The –infodir=DIR option to configure specifies an install directory for the info files. This overrides the info subdirectory of the argument to the –prefix option. For example, you might use

./configure --prefix=/usr --infodir=/usr/share/info

The –mandir=DIR option to configure specifies an install directory for the man pages. This overrides the man subdirectory of the argument to the –prefix option.

./configure --prefix=/usr --infodir=/usr/share/info --mandir=/usr/share/man

to set both options together.

The final option is the DESTDIR option to the make command. For example, you could use the commands

./configure --prefix=/usr --infodir=/usr/share/info --mandir=/usr/share/man
make all docs
make install DESTDIR=./tmp
cd tmp
tar cvf - . | gzip -9 > chrony.tar.gz

to build a package. When untarred within the root directory, this will install the files to the intended final locations.

3 Typical operating scenarios

3.1 Computers connected to the internet

In this section we discuss how to configure chrony for computers that are connected to the Internet (or to any network containing true NTP servers which ultimately derive their time from a reference clock) permanently or most of the time.

To operate in this mode, you will need to know the names of the NTP server machines you wish to use. You may be able to find names of suitable servers by one of the following methods:

• Your institution may already operate servers on its network. Contact your system administrator to find out.
• Your ISP probably has one or more NTP servers available for its customers.
• Somewhere under the NTP homepage there is a list of public stratum 1 and stratum 2 servers. You should find one or more servers that are near to you — check that their access policy allows you to use their facilities.
• Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project.

Assuming that you have found some servers, you need to set up a configuration file to run chrony. The (compiled-in) default location for this file is /etc/chrony/chrony.conf. Assuming that your ntp servers are called a.b.c and d.e.f, your chrony.conf file could contain as a minimum

server a.b.c
server d.e.f
server g.h.i

However, you will probably want to include some of the other directives described later. The driftfile and makestep directives may be particularly useful. Also, the iburst server option is useful to speed up the initial synchronization. The smallest useful configuration file would look something like

server a.b.c iburst
server d.e.f iburst
server g.h.i iburst
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
makestep 10 3

3.2 Infrequent connection to true NTP servers

In this section we discuss how to configure chrony for computers that have occasional connections to the internet.

3.2.1 Setting up the configuration file for infrequent connections

As in the previous section, you will need access to NTP servers on the internet. The same remarks apply for how to find them.

In this case, you will need some additional configuration to tell chronyd when the connection to the internet goes up and down. This saves the program from continuously trying to poll the servers when they are inaccessible.

Again, assuming that your ntp servers are called a.b.c and d.e.f, your chrony.conf file would need to contain something like

server a.b.c
server d.e.f
server g.h.i

However, your computer will keep trying to contact the servers to obtain timestamps, even whilst offline. If you operate a dial-on-demand system, things are even worse, because the link to the internet will keep getting established.

For this reason, it would be better to specify this part of your configuration file in the following way:

server a.b.c offline
server d.e.f offline
server g.h.i offline

The offline keyword indicates that the servers start in an offline state, and that they should not be contacted until chronyd receives notification that the link to the internet is present.

In order to notify chronyd of the presence of the link, you will need to be able to log in to it with the program chronyc. To do this, chronyd needs to be configured with an administrator password. The password is read from a file specified by the keyfile directive. The generatecommandkey directive can be used to generate a random password automatically on the first chronyd start.

The smallest useful configuration file would look something like

server a.b.c offline
server d.e.f offline
server g.h.i offline
keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
generatecommandkey
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
makestep 10 3

The next section describes how to tell chronyd when the internet link goes up and down.

3.2.2 How to tell chronyd when the internet link is available.

To use this option, you will need to configure a command key in chronyd's configuration file /etc/chrony/chrony.conf, as described in the previous section.

To tell chronyd when to start and finish sampling the servers, the online and offline commands of chronyc need to be used. To give an example of their use, we assume that pppd is the program being used to connect to the internet, and that chronyc has been installed at its default location /usr/bin/chronyc. We also assume that the command key has been set up as described in the previous section.

In the file /etc/ppp/ip-up we add the command sequence

/usr/bin/chronyc -a online

and in the file /etc/ppp/ip-down we add the sequence

/usr/bin/chronyc -a offline

chronyd's polling of the servers will now only occur whilst the machine is actually connected to the Internet.

3.3 Isolated networks

In this section we discuss how to configure chrony for computers that never have network conectivity to any computer which ultimately derives its time from a reference clock.

In this situation, one computer is selected to be the master timeserver. The other computers are either direct clients of the master, or clients of clients.

The rate value in the master’s drift file needs to be set to the average rate at which the master gains or loses time. chronyd includes support for this, in the form of the manual directive in the configuration file and the settime command in the chronyc program.

If the master is rebooted, chronyd can re-read the drift rate from the drift file. However, the master has no accurate estimate of the current time. To get around this, the system can be configured so that the master can initially set itself to a ‘majority-vote’ of selected clients’ times; this allows the clients to ‘flywheel’ the master across its outage.

A typical configuration file for the master (called master) might be (assuming the clients are in the 192.168.165.x subnet and that the master’s address is 192.168.169.170)

driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
generatecommandkey
keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
initstepslew 10 client1 client3 client6
local stratum 8
manual
allow 192.168.165

For the clients that have to resynchronise the master when it restarts, the configuration file might be

server master
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
logdir /var/log/chrony
log measurements statistics tracking
keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
generatecommandkey
local stratum 10
initstepslew 20 master
allow 192.168.169.170

The rest of the clients would be the same, except that the local and allow directives are not required.

3.4 The home PC with a dial-up connection

3.4.1 Assumptions/how the software works

This section considers the home computer which has a dial-up connection. It assumes that Linux is run exclusively on the computer. Dual-boot systems may work; it depends what (if anything) the other system does to the system’s real-time clock.

Much of the configuration for this case is discussed earlier (see Infrequent connection). This section addresses specifically the case of a computer which is turned off between ’sessions’.

In this case, chronyd relies on the computer’s real-time clock (RTC) to maintain the time between the periods when it is powered up. The arrangement is shown in the figure below.

            trim if required                          PSTN
      +---------------------------+               +----------+
      |                           |               |          |
      v                           |               |          |
+---------+                    +-------+       +-----+     +---+
| System's|  measure error/    |chronyd|       |modem|     |ISP|
|real-time|------------------->|       |-------|     |     |   |
|  clock  |   drift rate       +-------+       +-----+     +---+
+---------+                       ^                          |
      |                           |                          |
      +---------------------------+                  --o-----o---
         set time at boot up                           |
                                                  +----------+
                                                  |NTP server|
                                                  +----------+

When the computer is connected to the Internet (via the modem), chronyd has access to external NTP servers which it makes measurements from. These measurements are saved, and straight-line fits are performed on them to provide an estimate of the computer’s time error and rate of gaining/losing time.

When the computer is taken offline from the Internet, the best estimate of the gain/loss rate is used to free-run the computer until it next goes online.

Whilst the computer is running, chronyd makes measurements of the real-time clock (RTC) (via the /dev/rtc interface, which must be compiled into the kernel). An estimate is made of the RTC error at a particular RTC second, and the rate at which the RTC gains or loses time relative to true time.

On 2.6 and later kernels, if your motherboard has a HPET, you need to enable the ‘HPET_EMULATE_RTC’ option in your kernel configuration. Otherwise, chrony will not be able to interact with the RTC device and will give up using it.

When the computer is powered down, the measurement histories for all the NTP servers are saved to files (if the dumponexit directive is specified in the configuration file), and the RTC tracking information is also saved to a file (if the rtcfile directive has been specified). These pieces of information are also saved if the dump and writertc commands respectively are issued through chronyc.

When the computer is rebooted, chronyd reads the current RTC time and the RTC information saved at the last shutdown. This information is used to set the system clock to the best estimate of what its time would have been now, had it been left running continuously. The measurement histories for the servers are then reloaded.

The next time the computer goes online, the previous sessions’ measurements can contribute to the line-fitting process, which gives a much better estimate of the computer’s gain/loss rate.

One problem with saving the measurements and RTC data when the machine is shut down is what happens if there is a power failure; the most recent data will not be saved. Although chronyd is robust enough to cope with this, some performance may be lost. (The main danger arises if the RTC has been changed during the session, with the trimrtc command in chronyc. Because of this, trimrtc will make sure that a meaningful RTC file is saved out after the change is completed).

The easiest protection against power failure is to put the dump and writertc commands in the same place as the offline command is issued to take chronyd offline; because chronyd free-runs between online sessions, no parameters will change significantly between going offline from the Internet and any power failure.

A final point regards home computers which are left running for extended periods and where it is desired to spin down the hard disc when it is not in use (e.g. when not accessed for 15 minutes). chronyd has been planned so it supports such operation; this is the reason why the RTC tracking parameters are not saved to disc after every update, but only when the user requests such a write, or during the shutdown sequence. The only other facility that will generate periodic writes to the disc is the log rtc facility in the configuration file; this option should not be used if you want your disc to spin down.

3.4.2 Typical configuration files.

To illustrate how a dial-up home computer might be configured, example configuration files are shown in this section.

For the /etc/chrony/chrony.conf file, the following can be used as an example.

server 0.pool.ntp.org minpoll 5 maxpoll 10 maxdelay 0.4 offline
server 1.pool.ntp.org minpoll 5 maxpoll 10 maxdelay 0.4 offline
server 2.pool.ntp.org minpoll 5 maxpoll 10 maxdelay 0.4 offline
logdir /var/log/chrony
log statistics measurements tracking
driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift
keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys
generatecommandkey
makestep 10 3
maxupdateskew 100.0
dumponexit
dumpdir /var/lib/chrony
rtcfile /var/lib/chrony/rtc

pppd is used for connecting to the internet. This runs two scripts /etc/ppp/ip-up and /etc/ppp/ip-down when the link goes online and offline respectively.

The relevant part of the /etc/ppp/ip-up file is

/usr/bin/chronyc -a online

and the relevant part of the /etc/ppp/ip-down script is

/usr/bin/chronyc -a -m offline dump writertc

To start chronyd during the boot sequence, the following is in /etc/rc.d/rc.local (this is a Slackware system)

if [ -f /usr/sbin/chronyd -a -f /etc/chrony/chrony.conf ]; then
  /usr/sbin/chronyd -r -s
  echo "Start chronyd"
fi

The placement of this command may be important on some systems. In particular, chronyd may need to be started before any software that depends on the system clock not jumping or moving backwards, depending on the directives in chronyd's configuration file.

For the system shutdown, chronyd should receive a SIGTERM several seconds before the final SIGKILL; the SIGTERM causes the measurement histories and RTC information to be saved out.

3.5 Other important configuration options

The most common option to include in the configuration file is the driftfile option. One of the major tasks of chronyd is to work out how fast or how slow the system clock runs relative to real time - e.g. in terms of seconds gained or lost per day. Measurements over a long period are usually required to refine this estimate to an acceptable degree of accuracy. Therefore, it would be bad if chronyd had to work the value out each time it is restarted, because the system clock would not run so accurately whilst the determination is taking place.

To avoid this problem, chronyd allows the gain or loss rate to be stored in a file, which can be read back in when the program is restarted. This file is called the drift file, and might typically be stored in /var/lib/chrony/drift. By specifying an option like the following

driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift

in the configuration file (/etc/chrony/chrony.conf), the drift file facility will be activated.

4 Usage reference

4.1 Starting chronyd

If chronyd has been installed to its default location /usr/sbin/chronyd, starting it is simply a matter of entering the command

/usr/sbin/chronyd

Information messages and warnings will be logged to syslog.

If no configuration commands are specified on the command line, chronyd will read the commands from the configuration file (default /etc/chrony/chrony.conf).

The command line options supported are as follows:

-n

When run in this mode, the program will not detach itself from the terminal.

-d

When run in this mode, the program will not detach itself from the terminal, and all messages will be sent to the terminal instead of to syslog. When chronyd was compiled with debugging support, this option can be used twice to print also debugging messages.

-f <conf-file>

This option can be used to specify an alternate location for the configuration file (default /etc/chrony/chrony.conf).

-r

This option will reload sample histories for each of the servers and refclocks being used. These histories are created by using the dump command in chronyc, or by setting the dumponexit directive in the configuration file. This option is useful if you want to stop and restart chronyd briefly for any reason, e.g. to install a new version. However, it only makes sense on systems where the kernel can maintain clock compensation whilst not under chronyd's control. The only version where this happens so far is Linux. On systems where this is not the case, e.g. Solaris and SunOS the option should not be used.

-R

When this option is used, the initstepslew directive and the makestep directive used with a positive limit will be ignored. This option is useful when restarting chronyd and can be used in conjuction with the ‘-r’ option.

-s

This option will set the system clock from the computer’s real-time clock. This is analogous to supplying the ‘-s’ flag to the /sbin/hwclock program during the Linux boot sequence.

Support for real-time clocks is limited at present - the criteria are described in the section on the rtcfile directive (see rtcfile directive).

If chronyd cannot support the real time clock on your computer, this option cannot be used and a warning message will be logged to the syslog.

If used in conjunction with the ‘-r’ flag, chronyd will attempt to preserve the old samples after setting the system clock from the real time clock. This can be used to allow chronyd to perform long term averaging of the gain or loss rate across system reboots, and is useful for dial-up systems that are shut down when not in use. For this to work well, it relies on chronyd having been able to determine accurate statistics for the difference between the real time clock and system clock last time the computer was on.

-u <user>

This option sets the name of the user to which will chronyd switch to drop root privileges if compiled with Linux capabilities support (default root).

-q

When run in this mode, chronyd will set the system clock once and exit. It will not detach from the terminal.

-Q

This option is similar to ‘-q’, but it will only print the offset and not correct the clock.

-v

This option displays chronyd's version number to the terminal and exits.

-P <priority>

This option will select the SCHED_FIFO real-time scheduler at the specified priority (which must be between 0 and 100). This mode is supported only on Linux.

-m

This option will lock chronyd into RAM so that it will never be paged out. This mode is only supported on Linux.

-4

With this option hostnames will be resolved only to IPv4 addresses and only IPv4 sockets will be created.

-6

With this option hostnames will be resolved only to IPv6 addresses and only IPv6 sockets will be created.

On systems that support an /etc/rc.local file for starting programs at boot time, chronyd can be started from there.

On systems with a System V style initialisation, a suitable start/stop script might be as shown below. This might be placed in the file /etc/rc2.d/S83chrony.

#!/bin/sh
# This file should have uid root, gid sys and chmod 744
#

killproc() {            # kill the named process(es)
        pid=`/usr/bin/ps -e |
             /usr/bin/grep -w $1 |
             /usr/bin/sed -e 's/^  *//' -e 's/ .*//'`
        [ "$pid" != "" ] && kill $pid
}

case "$1" in

'start')
   if [ -f /opt/free/sbin/chronyd -a -f /etc/chrony/chrony.conf ]; then
     /opt/free/sbin/chronyd
   fi
   ;;
'stop')
   killproc chronyd
   ;;
*)
   echo "Usage: /etc/rc2.d/S83chrony { start | stop }"
   ;;
esac

(In both cases, you may want to bear in mind that chronyd can step the time when it starts. There may be other programs started at boot time that could be upset by this, so you may need to consider the ordering carefully. However, chronyd will need to start after daemons providing services that it may require, e.g. the domain name service.)

4.2 The chronyd configuration file

The configuration file is normally called /etc/chrony/chrony.conf; in fact, this is the compiled-in default. However, other locations can be specified with a command line option.

Each command in the configuration file is placed on a separate line. The following sections describe each of the commands in turn. The directives can occur in any order in the file.

The configuration commands can also be specified directly on the chronyd command line, each argument is parsed as a line and the configuration file is ignored.

4.2.1 Comments in the configuration file

The configuration file may contain comment lines. A comment line is any line that starts with zero or more spaces followed by any one of the following characters:

• !
• ;
• #
• %

Any line with this format will be ignored.

4.2.2 acquisitionport

By default, chronyd uses a separate client socket for each configured server and their source port is chosen arbitrarily by the operating system. However, you can use the acquisitionport directive to explicitly specify a port and use only one socket (per IPv4/IPv6 address family) for all configured servers. This may be useful for getting through firewalls.

It may be set to the same port as used by the NTP server (see port directive) to use only one socket for all NTP packets.

An example of the acquisitionport command is

acquisitionport 1123

This would change the source port used for client requests to udp/1123. You could then persuade the firewall administrator to let that port through.

4.2.3 allow

The allow command is used to designate a particular subnet from which NTP clients are allowed to access the computer as an NTP server.

The default is that no clients are allowed access, i.e. chronyd operates purely as an NTP client. If the allow directive is used, chronyd will be both a client of its servers, and a server to other clients.

Examples of use of the command are as follows:

allow foo.bar.com
allow 1.2
allow 3.4.5
allow 6.7.8/22
allow 6.7.8.9/22
allow 2001:db8::/32
allow 0/0
allow ::/0
allow

The first command allows the named node to be an NTP client of this computer. The second command allows any node with an IPv4 address of the form 1.2.x.y (with x and y arbitrary) to be an NTP client of this computer. Likewise, the third command allows any node with an IPv4 address of the form 3.4.5.x to have client NTP access. The fourth and fifth forms allow access from any node with an IPv4 address of the form 6.7.8.x, 6.7.9.x, 6.7.10.x or 6.7.11.x (with x arbitrary), i.e. the value 22 is the number of bits defining the specified subnet. (In the fifth form, the final byte is ignored). The sixth form is used for IPv6 addresses. The seventh and eighth forms allow access by any IPv4 and IPv6 node respectively. The ninth forms allows access by any node (IPv4 or IPv6).

A second form of the directive, allow all, has a greater effect, depending on the ordering of directives in the configuration file. To illustrate the effect, consider the two examples

allow 1.2.3.4
deny 1.2.3
allow 1.2

and

allow 1.2.3.4
deny 1.2.3
allow all 1.2

In the first example, the effect is the same regardles of what order the three directives are given in. So the 1.2.x.y subnet is allowed access, except for the 1.2.3.x subnet, which is denied access, however the host 1.2.3.4 is allowed access.

In the second example, the allow all 1.2 directives overrides the effect of any previous directive relating to a subnet within the specified subnet. Within a configuration file this capability is probably rather moot; however, it is of greater use for reconfiguration at run-time via chronyc (see allow all command).

Note, if the initstepslew directive (see initstepslew directive) is used in the configuration file, each of the computers listed in that directive must allow client access by this computer for it to work.

4.2.4 bindacqaddress

The bindacqaddress directive sets the network interface to which will chronyd bind its NTP client sockets. The syntax is similar to the bindaddress and bindcmdaddress directives.

For each of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, only one bindacqaddress directive can be specified.

4.2.5 bindaddress

The bindaddress directive allows you to restrict the network interface to which chronyd will listen for NTP requests. This provides an additional level of access restriction above that available through the deny mechanism.

Suppose you have a local ethernet with addresses in the 192.168.1.0 subnet together with an internet connection. The ethernet interface’s IP address is 192.168.1.1. Suppose you want to block all access through the internet connection. You could add the line

bindaddress 192.168.1.1

to the configuration file.

This directive affects NTP (UDP port 123 by default) packets. If no bindcmdaddress directive is present, the address supplied by bindaddress will be used to control binding of the command socket (UDP port 323 by default) as well.

The bindaddress directive has been found to cause problems when used on computers that need to pass NTP traffic over multiple network interfaces (e.g. firewalls). It is, therefore, not particularly useful. Use of the allow and deny directives together with a network firewall is more likely to be successful.

For each of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, only one bindaddress directive can be specified.

4.2.6 bindcmdaddress

The bindcmdaddress directive allows you to restrict the network interface to which chronyd will listen for command packets (issued by chronyc). This provides an additional level of access restriction above that available through cmddeny mechanism.

Suppose you want to block all access except from localhost. You could add the lines

bindcmdaddress 127.0.0.1
bindcmdaddress ::1

to the configuration file.

For each of IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, only one bindcmdaddress directive can be specified.

The default values are set by the bindaddress directive.

The bindcmdaddress directive has been found to cause problems when used on computers that need to pass command traffic over multiple network interfaces. Use of the cmdallow and cmddeny directives together with a network firewall is more likely to be successful.

4.2.7 broadcast

The broadcast directive is used to declare a broadcast address to which chronyd should send packets in NTP broadcast mode (i.e. make chronyd act as a broadcast server). Broadcast clients on that subnet will be able to synchronise.

The syntax is as follows

broadcast 30 192.168.1.255
broadcast 60 192.168.2.255 12123
broadcast 60 ff02::101

In the first example, the destination port defaults to 123/udp (the normal NTP port). In the second example, the destionation port is specified as 12123. The first parameter in each case (30 or 60 respectively) is the interval in seconds between broadcast packets being sent. The second parameter in each case is the broadcast address to send the packet to. This should correspond to the broadcast address of one of the network interfaces on the computer where chronyd is running.

You can have more than 1 broadcast directive if you have more than 1 network interface onto which you wish to send NTP broadcast packets.

chronyd itself cannot currently act as a broadcast client; it must always be configured as a point-to-point client by defining specific NTP servers and peers. This broadcast server feature is intended for providing a time source to other NTP software (e.g. various MS Windows clients).

If ntpd is used as the broadcast client, it will try to use a point-to-point client/server NTP access to measure the round-trip delay. Thus, the broadcast subnet should also be the subject of an allow directive (see allow directive).

4.2.8 clientloglimit

This directive specifies the maximum size of the memory allocated to log client accesses. When the limit is reached, only information for clients that have already been logged will be updated. If 0 is specified, the memory size will be unlimited. The default is 524288 bytes.

An example of the use of this directive is

clientloglimit 1048576

4.2.9 cmdallow

This is similar to the allow directive (see allow directive), except that it allows control access (rather than NTP client access) to a particular subnet or host. (By ’control access’ is meant that chronyc can be run on those hosts and successfully connect to chronyd on this computer.)

The syntax is identical to the allow directive.

There is also a cmdallow all directive with similar behaviour to the allow all directive (but applying to control access in this case, of course).

4.2.10 cmddeny

This is similar to the cmdallow directive (see cmdallow directive), except that it denies control access to a particular subnet or host, rather than allowing it.

The syntax is identical.

There is also a cmddeny all directive with similar behaviour to the cmdallow all directive.

4.2.11 cmdport

The cmdport directive allows the port that is used for run-time command and monitoring (via the program chronyc) to be altered from its default (323/udp). If set to 0, chronyd will not open the port, this is useful to disable the chronyc access completely.

An example shows the syntax

cmdport 257

This would make chronyd use 257/udp as its command port. (chronyc would need to be run with the -p 257 switch to inter-operate correctly).

4.2.12 combinelimit

When chronyd has multiple sources available for synchronization, it has to select one source as the synchronization source. The measured offsets and frequencies of the system clock relative to the other sources, however, can be combined with the selected source to improve the accuracy of the system clock.

The combinelimit directive limits which sources are included in the combining algorithm. Their synchronization distance has to be shorter than the distance of the selected source multiplied by the value of the limit. Also, their measured frequencies have to be close to the frequency of the selected source.

By default, the limit is 3. Setting the limit to 0 effectively disables the source combining algorithm and only the selected source will be used to control the system clock.

The syntax is

combinelimit <limit>

4.2.13 commandkey

The commandkey command is used to set the key number used for authenticating user commands via the chronyc program at run time. This allows certain actions of the chronyc program to be restricted to administrators.

An example of the commandkey command is

commandkey 20

By default, the key number is 0.

In the key file (see the keyfile command) there should be a line of the form

20 MD5 HEX:B028F91EA5C38D06C2E140B26C7F41EC

When running the chronyc program to perform run-time configuration, the command

password HEX:B028F91EA5C38D06C2E140B26C7F41EC

must be entered before any commands affecting the operation of the daemon can be entered, or chronyc must be started with the ‘-a’ option to run the password command automatically.

4.2.14 corrtimeratio

When chronyd makes a time correction, it controls how quickly the system clock is slewed (so far only on Linux). This rate affects the frequency error of the system clock.

The corrtimeratio directive sets the ratio between the duration in which the clock is slewed for an average correction according to the source history and the interval in which the corrections are done (usually the NTP polling interval). Corrections larger than the average take less time and smaller corrections take more time, the amount of the correction and the correction time are inversely proportional.

Increasing corrtimeratio improves the overall frequency error of the system clock, but increases the overall time error as the corrections take longer.

By default, the ratio is set to 3, the time accuracy of the clock is preferred over its frequency accuracy.

The syntax is

corrtimeratio 100

The maximum allowed slew rate can be set by the maxslewrate directive (see maxslewrate directive. The current remaining correction is shown in the tracking report (see tracking command) as the System time value.

4.2.15 deny

This is similar to the allow directive (see allow directive), except that it denies NTP client access to a particular subnet or host, rather than allowing it.

The syntax is identical.

There is also a deny all directive with similar behaviour to the allow all directive.

4.2.16 driftfile

One of the main activities of the chronyd program is to work out the rate at which the system clock gains or loses time relative to real time.

Whenever chronyd computes a new value of the gain/loss rate, it is desirable to record it somewhere. This allows chronyd to begin compensating the system clock at that rate whenever it is restarted, even before it has had a chance to obtain an equally good estimate of the rate during the new run. (This process may take many minutes, at least).

The driftfile command allows a file to be specified into which chronyd can store the rate information. Two parameters are recorded in the file. The first is the rate at which the system clock gains or loses time, expressed in parts per million, with gains positive. Therefore, a value of 100.0 indicates that when the system clock has advanced by a second, it has gained 100 microseconds on reality (so the true time has only advanced by 999900 microseconds). The second is an estimate of the error bound around the first value in which the true rate actually lies.

An example of the driftfile command is

driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift

4.2.17 dumpdir

To compute the rate of gain or loss of time, chronyd has to store a measurement history for each of the time sources it uses.

Certain systems (so far only Linux) have operating system support for setting the rate of gain or loss to compensate for known errors. (On other systems, chronyd must simulate such a capability by periodically slewing the system clock forwards or backwards by a suitable amount to compensate for the error built up since the previous slew).

For such systems, it is possible to save the measurement history across restarts of chronyd (assuming no changes are made to the system clock behaviour whilst it is not running). If this capability is to be used (via the dumponexit command in the configuration file, or the dump command in chronyc), the dumpdir command should be used to define the directory where the measurement histories are saved.

An example of the command is

dumpdir /var/lib/chrony

A source whose reference id (the IP address for IPv4 sources) is 1.2.3.4 would have its measurement history saved in the file /var/lib/chrony/1.2.3.4.dat.

4.2.18 dumponexit

If this command is present, it indicates that chronyd should save the measurement history for each of its time sources recorded whenever the program exits. (See the dumpdir command above).

4.2.19 fallbackdrift

Fallback drifts are long-term averages of the system clock drift calculated over exponentially increasing intervals. They are used when the clock is unsynchronised to avoid quickly drifting away from true time if there was a short-term deviation in drift before the synchronisation was lost.

The directive specifies the minimum and maximum interval for how long the system clock has to be unsynchronised to switch between fallback drifts. They are defined as a power of 2 (in seconds). The syntax is as follows

fallbackdrift 16 19

In this example, the minimum interval is 16 (18 hours) and maximum interval is 19 (6 days). The system clock frequency will be set to the first fallback 18 hours after the synchronisation was lost, to the second after 36 hours, etc. This might be a good setting to cover daily and weekly temperature fluctuations.

By default (or if the specified maximum or minimum is 0), no fallbacks will be used and the clock frequency will stay at the last value calculated before synchronisation was lost.

4.2.20 generatecommandkey

With this directive, if the command key is not found on start in the file specified by the keyfile directive, chronyd will generate a new command key from the /dev/urandom file and write it to the key file.

The generated key will use SHA1 if chronyd is compiled with the support, otherwise MD5 will be used.

4.2.21 hwclockfile

The hwclockfile directive sets the location of the adjtime file which is used by the /sbin/hwclock program. With this directive, chronyd will parse the file to find out if the RTC keeps local time or UTC. It overrides the rtconutc directive (see rtconutc directive).

An example of the command is

hwclockfile /etc/adjtime

4.2.22 include

The include directive includes a specified configuration file. This is useful when maintaining configuration on multiple hosts to keep the differences in a separate file.

include /etc/chrony/chrony/local.conf

4.2.23 initstepslew

In normal operation, chronyd slews the time when it needs to adjust the system clock. For example, to correct a system clock which is 1 second slow, chronyd slightly increases the amount by which the system clock is advanced on each clock interrupt, until the error is removed. (Actually, this is done by calling the adjtime() or similar system function which does it for us.) Note that at no time does time run backwards with this method.

On most Unix systems it is not desirable to step the system clock, because many programs rely on time advancing monotonically forwards.

When the chronyd daemon is initially started, it is possible that the system clock is considerably in error. Attempting to correct such an error by slewing may not be sensible, since it may take several hours to correct the error by this means.

The purpose of the initstepslew directive is to allow chronyd to make a rapid measurement of the system clock error at boot time, and to correct the system clock by stepping before normal operation begins. Since this would normally be performed only at an appropriate point in the system boot sequence, no other software should be adversely affected by the step.

If the correction required is less than a specified threshold, a slew is used instead. This makes it easier to restart chronyd whilst the system is in normal operation.

The initstepslew directive takes a threshold and a list of NTP servers as arguments. A maximum of 8 will be used. Each of the servers is rapidly polled several times, and a majority voting mechanism used to find the most likely range of system clock error that is present. A step (or slew) is applied to the system clock to correct this error. chronyd then enters its normal operating mode.

An example of use of the command is

initstepslew 30 foo.bar.com baz.quz.com

where 2 NTP servers are used to make the measurement. The 30 indicates that if the system’s error is found to be 30 seconds or less, a slew will be used to correct it; if the error is above 30 seconds, a step will be used.

The initstepslew directive can also be used in an isolated LAN environment, where the clocks are set manually. The most stable computer is chosen as the master, and the other computers are slaved to it. If each of the slaves is configured with the local option (see below), the master can be set up with an initstepslew directive which references some or all of the slaves. Then, if the master machine has to be rebooted, the slaves can be relied on to ’flywheel’ the time for the master.

The initstepslew directive is functionally similar to a combination of the makestep and server directives with the iburst option. The main difference is that the initstepslew servers are used only before normal operation begins and that the foreground chronyd process waits for initstepslew to finish before exiting. This is useful to prevent programs started in the boot sequence after chronyd from reading the clock before it’s stepped.

4.2.24 keyfile

This command is used to specify the location of the file containing ID/key pairs for the following 2 uses:

• Authentication of NTP packets.
• Authentication of administrator commands entered via chronyc.

The format of the command is shown in the example below

keyfile /etc/chrony/chrony.keys

The argument is simply the name of the file containing the ID/key pairs. The format of the file is shown below

10 tulip
11 hyacinth
20 MD5 ASCII:crocus
25 SHA1 HEX:1dc764e0791b11fa67efc7ecbc4b0d73f68a070c 
 ...

Each line consists of an ID, a name of authentication hash function (optional) and a password. The ID can be any unsigned integer in the range 0 through 2**32-1, but ID of 0 can be used only for the command key and not for the NTP authentication. The hash function is MD5 by default, depending on how was chronyd compiled other allowed hash functions may be SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, RMD128, RMD160, RMD256, RMD320, TIGER and WHIRLPOOL. The password can be encoded as a string of characters not containing a space with optional ASCII: prefix or as a hexadecimal number with HEX: prefix.

The password is used with the hash function to generate and verify a message authentication code (MAC) in NTP and command packets. For maximum security, it’s recommended to use SHA1 or stronger hash function. The passwords should be random and they should be as long as the output size of the configured hash function, e.g. 160 bits with SHA1.

The ID for the chronyc authentication key is specified with the commandkey command (see earlier). The command key can be generated automatically on start with the generatecommandkey directive.

4.2.25 leapsectz

This directive is used to set the name of the timezone in the system tz database which chronyd can use to find out when will the next leap second occur. It will periodically check if the times 23:59:59 and 23:59:60 are valid on Jun 30 and Dec 31 in the timezone. A useful timezone is right/UTC. This is mainly useful with reference clocks which don’t provide the leap second information. It is not necessary to restart chronyd if the tz database is updated with a new leap second at least 12 hours before the event.

An example of the command is

leapsectz right/UTC

The following shell command verifies that the timezone contains leap seconds and can be used with this directive

$ TZ=right/UTC date -d 'Dec 31 2008 23:59:60'
Wed Dec 31 23:59:60 UTC 2008

4.2.26 local

The local keyword is used to allow chronyd to appear synchronised to real time (from the viewpoint of clients polling it), even if it has no current synchronisation source.

This option is normally used on computers in an isolated network, where several computers are required to synchronise to one other, this being the "master" which is kept vaguely in line with real time by manual input.

An example of the command is

local stratum 10

The value 10 may be substituted with other values in the range 1 through 15. Stratum 1 indicates a computer that has a true real-time reference directly connected to it (e.g. GPS, atomic clock etc) – such computers are expected to be very close to real time. Stratum 2 computers are those which have a stratum 1 server; stratum 3 computers have a stratum 2 server and so on.

A large value of 10 indicates that the clock is so many hops away from a reference clock that its time is fairly unreliable. Put another way, if the computer ever has access to another computer which is ultimately synchronised to a reference clock, it will almost certainly be at a stratum less than 10. Therefore, the choice of a high value like 10 for the local command prevents the machine’s own time from ever being confused with real time, were it ever to leak out to clients that have visibility of real servers.

4.2.27 lock_all

The lock_all directive will lock chronyd into RAM so that it will never be paged out. This mode is only supported on Linux. This directive uses the Linux mlockall() system call to prevent chronyd from ever being swapped out. This should result in lower and more consistent latency. It should not have significant impact on performance as chronyd's memory usage is modest. The mlockall man page has more details.

4.2.28 log

The log command indicates that certain information is to be logged.

measurements

This option logs the raw NTP measurements and related information to a file called measurements.log.

statistics

This option logs information about the regression processing to a file called statistics.log.

tracking

This option logs changes to the estimate of the system’s gain or loss rate, and any slews made, to a file called tracking.log.

rtc

This option logs information about the system’s real-time clock.

refclocks

This option logs the raw and filtered reference clock measurements to a file called refclocks.log.

tempcomp

This option logs the temperature measurements and system rate compensations to a file called tempcomp.log.

The files are written to the directory specified by the logdir command.

An example of the command is

log measurements statistics tracking

4.2.28.1 Measurements log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the measurements log file is shown below.

2010-12-22 05:40:50 158.152.1.76    N  8 1111 111 1111 10 10 1.0 \
   -4.966e-03  2.296e-01  1.577e-05  1.615e-01  7.446e-03

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [2010-12-22]
2. Hour:Minute:Second [05:40:50]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. IP address of server/peer from which measurement comes [158.152.1.76]
4. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of the current month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds, ? means the remote computer is not currently synchronised.) [N]
5. Stratum of remote computer. [2]
6. RFC1305 tests 1 through 4 (1=pass, 0=fail) [1111]
7. Tests for maximum delay, maximum delay ratio and maximum delay dev ratio, against defined parameters (1=pass, 0=fail) [111]
8. RFC1305 tests 5 through 8 (1=pass, 0=fail) [1111]
9. Local poll [10]
10. Remote poll [10]
11. ‘Score’ (an internal score within each polling level used to decide when to increase or decrease the polling level. This is adjusted based on number of measurements currently being used for the regression algorithm). [1.0]
12. The estimated local clock error (‘theta’ in RFC1305). Positive indicates that the local clock is slow. [-4.966e-03].
13. The peer delay (‘delta’ in RFC1305). [2.296e-01]
14. The peer dispersion (‘epsilon’ in RFC1305). [1.577e-05]
15. The root delay (‘Delta’ in RFC1305). [1.615e-01]
16. The root dispersion (‘E’ in RFC1305). [7.446e-03]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.28.2 Statistics log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the statistics log file is shown below.

1998-07-22 05:40:50 158.152.1.76     6.261e-03 -3.247e-03 \
     2.220e-03  1.874e-06  1.080e-06 7.8e-02  16   0   8

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [1998-07-22]
2. Hour:Minute:Second [05:40:50]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. IP address of server/peer from which measurement comes [158.152.1.76]
4. The estimated standard deviation of the measurements from the source (in seconds). [6.261e-03]
5. The estimated offset of the source (in seconds, positive means the local clock is estimated to be fast, in this case). [-3.247e-03]
6. The estimated standard deviation of the offset estimate (in seconds). [2.220e-03]
7. The estimated rate at which the local clock is gaining or losing time relative to the source (in seconds per second, positive means the local clock is gaining). This is relative to the compensation currently being applied to the local clock, not to the local clock without any compensation. [1.874e-06]
8. The estimated error in the rate value (in seconds per second). [1.080e-06].
9. The ration of |old_rate - new_rate| / old_rate_error. Large values indicate the statistics are not modelling the source very well. [7.8e-02]
10. The number of measurements currently being used for the regression algorithm. [16]
11. The new starting index (the oldest sample has index 0; this is the method used to prune old samples when it no longer looks like the measurements fit a linear model). [0, i.e. no samples discarded this time]
12. The number of runs. The number of runs of regression residuals with the same sign is computed. If this is too small it indicates that the measurements are no longer represented well by a linear model and that some older samples need to be discarded. The number of runs for the data that is being retained is tabulated. Values of approximately half the number of samples are expected. [8]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.28.3 Tracking log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the tracking log file is shown below.

2012-02-23 05:40:50 158.152.1.76     3    340.529      1.606  1.046e-03 N \
            4  6.849e-03 -4.670e-04

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [2012-02-03]
2. Hour:Minute:Second [05:40:50]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. The IP address of the server/peer to which the local system is synchronised. [158.152.1.76]
4. The stratum of the local system. [3]
5. The local system frequency (in ppm, positive means the local system runs fast of UTC). [340.529]
6. The error bounds on the frequency (in ppm) [1.606]
7. The estimated local offset at the epoch (which is rapidly corrected by slewing the local clock. (In seconds, positive indicates the local system is fast of UTC). [1.046e-3]
8. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of this month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds, ? means the clock is not currently synchronised.) [N]
9. The number of combined sources. [4]
10. The estimated standard deviation of the combined offset (in seconds). [6.849e-03]
11. The remaining offset correction from the previous update (in seconds, positive means the system clock is slow of UTC). [-4.670e-04]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.28.4 Real-time clock log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the measurements log file is shown below.

1998-07-22 05:40:50     -0.037360 1       -0.037434\
          -37.948  12   5  120

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [1998-07-22]
2. Hour:Minute:Second [05:40:50]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. The measured offset between the system’s real time clock and the system (gettimeofday()) time. In seconds, positive indicates that the RTC is fast of the system time. [-0.037360].
4. Flag indicating whether the regression has produced valid coefficients. (1 for yes, 0 for no). [1]
5. Offset at the current time predicted by the regression process. A large difference between this value and the measured offset tends to indicate that the measurement is an outlier with a serious measurement error. [-0.037434].
6. The rate at which the RTC is losing or gaining time relative to the system clock. In ppm, with positive indicating that the RTC is gaining time. [-37.948]
7. The number of measurements used in the regression. [12]
8. The number of runs of regression residuals of the same sign. Low values indicate that a straight line is no longer a good model of the measured data and that older measurements should be discarded. [5]
9. The measurement interval used prior to the measurement being made (in seconds). [120]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.28.5 Refclocks log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the refclocks log file is shown below.

2009-11-30 14:33:27.000000 PPS2    7 N 1  4.900000e-07 -6.741777e-07  1.000e-06

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [2009-11-30]
2. Hour:Minute:Second.Microsecond [14:33:27.000000]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. Reference ID of refclock from which measurement comes. [PPS2]
4. Sequence number of driver poll within one polling interval for raw samples, or - for filtered samples. [7]
5. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of the current month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds). [N]
6. Flag indicating whether the sample comes from PPS source. (1 for yes, 0 for no, or - for filtered sample). [1]
7. Local clock error measured by refclock driver, or - for filtered sample. [4.900000e-07]
8. Local clock error with applied corrections. Positive indicates that the local clock is slow. [-6.741777e-07]
9. Assumed dispersion of the sample. [1.000e-06]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.28.6 Tempcomp log file format

An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the tempcomp log file is shown below.

2010-04-19 10:39:48  2.8000e+04  3.6600e-01

The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) :

1. Date [2010-04-19]
2. Hour:Minute:Second [10:39:48]. Note that the date/time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone.
3. Temperature read from tempcomp file. [2.8000e+04]
4. Applied compensation in ppm, positive means the system clock is running faster than it would be without the compensation. [3.6600e-01]

A banner is periodically written to the log file to indicate the meanings of the columns.

4.2.29 logbanner

A banner is periodically written to the log files enabled by the log directive to indicate the meanings of the columns.

The logbanner directive specifies after how many entries in the log file should be the banner written. The default is 32, and 0 can be used to disable it entirely.

4.2.30 logchange

This directive forces chronyd to send a message to syslog if it makes a system clock adjustment larger than a threshold value. An example of use is

logchange 0.5

which would cause a syslog message to be generated a system clock error of over 0.5 seconds starts to be compensated.

Clock errors detected either via NTP packets or via timestamps entered via the settime command of chronyc are logged.

This directive assumes that syslog messages are appearing where somebody can see them. This allows that person to see if a large error has arisen, e.g. because of a fault, or because of faulty timezone handling, for example when summer time (daylight saving) starts or ends.

4.2.31 logdir

This directive allows the directory where log files are written to be specified.

An example of the use of this directive is

logdir /var/log/chrony

4.2.32 mailonchange

This directive defines an email address to which mail should be sent if chronyd applies a correction exceeding a particular threshold to the system clock.

An example of use of this directive is

mailonchange root@localhost 0.5

This would send a mail message to root if a change of more than 0.5 seconds were applied to the system clock.

4.2.33 makestep

Normally chronyd will cause the system to gradually correct any time offset, by slowing down or speeding up the clock as required. In certain situations, the system clock may be so far adrift that this slewing process would take a very long time to correct the system clock.

This directive forces chronyd to step system clock if the adjustment is larger than a threshold value, but only if there were no more clock updates since chronyd was started than a specified limit (a negative value can be used to disable the limit).

This is particularly useful when using reference clocks, because the initstepslew directive (see initstepslew directive) works only with NTP sources.

An example of the use of this directive is

makestep 1000 10

This would step system clock if the adjustment is larger than 1000 seconds, but only in the first ten clock updates.

4.2.34 manual

The manual directive enables support at run-time for the settime command in chronyc (see settime command). If no manual directive is included, any attempt to use the settime command in chronyc will be met with an error message.

Note that the settime command can be enabled at run-time using the manual command in chronyc (see manual command). (The idea of the two commands is that the manual command controls the manual clock driver’s behaviour, whereas the settime command allows samples of manually entered time to be provided).

4.2.35 maxchange

This directive sets the maximum allowed offset corrected on a clock update. The check is performed only after the specified number of updates to allow a large initial adjustment of the system clock. When an offset larger than the specified maximum occurs, it will be ignored for the specified number of times and then chronyd will give up and exit (a negative value can be used to never exit). In both cases a message is sent to syslog.

An example of the use of this directive is

maxchange 1000 1 2

After the first clock update, chronyd will check the offset on every clock update, it will ignore two adjustments larger than 1000 seconds and exit on another one.

4.2.36 maxclockerror

The maxclockerror directive sets the maximum assumed frequency error of the local clock. This is a frequency stability of the clock, not an absolute frequency error.

By default, the maximum assumed error is set to 1 ppm.

The syntax is

maxclockerror <error-in-ppm>

Typical values for <error-in-ppm> might be 10 for a low quality clock to 0.1 for a high quality clock using a temperature compensated crystal oscillator.

4.2.37 maxsamples

The maxsamples directive sets the maximum number of samples chronyd should keep for each source. The default is 0, which disables the configurable limit, and the useful range is 4 to 64.

The syntax is

maxsamples <samples>

4.2.38 maxslewrate

The maxslewrate directive sets the maximum rate at which chronyd is allowed to slew the time. It limits the slew rate controlled by the correction time ratio (see corrtimeratio directive) and is effective only on systems where chronyd is able to control the rate (so far only Linux).

By default, the maximum slew rate is 83333.333 ppm (one twelfth).

The syntax is

maxslewrate <rate-in-ppm>

4.2.39 maxupdateskew

One of chronyd's tasks is to work out how fast or slow the computer’s clock runs relative to its reference sources. In addition, it computes an estimate of the error bounds around the estimated value.

If the range of error is too large, it probably indicates that the measurements have not settled down yet, and that the estimated gain or loss rate is not very reliable.

The maxupdateskew parameter allows the threshold for determining whether an estimate may be so unreliable that it should not be used. By default, the threshold is 1000 ppm.

The syntax is

maxupdateskew <skew-in-ppm>

Typical values for <skew-in-ppm> might be 100 for a dial-up connection to servers over a phone line, and 5 or 10 for a computer on a LAN.

It should be noted that this is not the only means of protection against using unreliable estimates. At all times, chronyd keeps track of both the estimated gain or loss rate, and the error bound on the estimate. When a new estimate is generated following another measurement from one of the sources, a weighted combination algorithm is used to update the master estimate. So if chronyd has an existing highly-reliable master estimate and a new estimate is generated which has large error bounds, the existing master estimate will dominate in the new master estimate.

4.2.40 minsamples

The minsamples directive sets the minimum number of samples chronyd should try to keep for each source. The default is 0 and the useful range is 4 to 64.

The syntax is

minsamples <samples>

4.2.41 noclientlog

This directive, which takes no arguments, specifies that client accesses are not to be logged. Normally they are logged, allowing statistics to be reported using the clients command in chronyc.

4.2.42 peer

The syntax of this directive is identical to that for the server directive (see server directive), except that it is used to specify an NTP peer rather than an NTP server.

4.2.43 pidfile

chronyd always writes its process ID (pid) to a file, and checks this file on startup to see if another chronyd may already be running on the system. By default, the file used is /var/run/chronyd.pid. The pidfile directive allows the name to be changed, e.g.

pidfile /var/tmp/chronyd.pid

4.2.44 port

This option allows you to configure the port on which chronyd will listen for NTP requests.

The compiled in default is udp/123, the standard NTP port. If set to 0, chronyd will not open the server socket and will operate strictly in a client-only mode. The source port used in NTP client requests can be set by the acquisitionport directive.

An example of the port command is

port 11123

This would change the NTP port served by chronyd on the computer to udp/11123.

4.2.45 refclock

Reference clocks allows very accurate synchronisation and chronyd can function as a stratum 1 server. They are specified by the refclock directive. It has two mandatory parameters, a refclock driver name and a driver specific parameter.

There are currently four drivers included:

PPS

PPSAPI (pulse per second) driver. The parameter is the path to a PPS device. Assert events are used by default. Driver option :clear can be appended to the path if clear events should be used instead.

As PPS refclock gets only sub-second time information, it needs another source (NTP or non-PPS refclock) or local directive (see local directive) enabled to work. For example:

refclock PPS /dev/pps0 lock NMEA
refclock SHM 0 offset 0.5 delay 0.2 refid NMEA noselect

SHM

NTP shared memory driver. This driver uses a shared memory segment to receive data from another daemon which communicates with an actual reference clock. The parameter is the number of a shared memory segment, usually 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example:

refclock SHM 1 poll 3 refid GPS1

A driver option in form :perm=NNN can be appended to the segment number to create the segment with permissions other than the default 0600.

Some examples of applications that can be used as SHM sources are gpsd, shmpps and radioclk.

SOCK

Unix domain socket driver. It is similar to the SHM driver, but uses a different format and uses a socket instead of shared memory. It does not require polling and it supports transmitting of PPS data. The parameter is a path to the socket which will be created by chronyd and used to receive the messages. The format of messages sent over the socket is described in the refclock_sock.c file.

Recent versions of the gpsd daemon include support for the SOCK protocol. The path where the socket should be created is described in the gpsd(8) man page. For example:

refclock SOCK /var/run/chrony.ttyS0.sock

PHC

PTP hardware clock (PHC) driver. The parameter is the path to the device of the PTP clock, which can be synchronised by a PTP daemon (e.g. ptp4l from the Linux PTP project. The PTP clocks are typically kept in TAI instead of UTC. The offset option can be used to compensate for the current UTC/TAI offset. For example:

refclock PHC /dev/ptp0 poll 3 dpoll -2 offset -35

The refclock command also supports a number of subfields (which may be defined in any order):

poll

Timestamps produced by refclock drivers are not used immediately, but they are stored and processed by a median filter in the polling interval specified by this option. This is defined as a power of 2 and may be negative to specify a sub-second interval. The default is 4 (16 seconds). A shorter interval allows chronyd to react faster to changes in clock frequency, but it may decrease the accuracy if the source is too noisy.

dpoll

Some drivers don’t listen for external events and try to produce samples in their own polling interval. This is defined as a power of 2 and may be negative to specify a sub-second interval. The default is 0 (1 second).

refid

This option is used to specify a reference id of the refclock, as up to four ASCII characters. By default, first three characters from driver name and the number of the refclock are used as refid. Each refclock must have an unique refid.

filter

This option sets the length of the median filter which is used to reduce noise. With each poll about 40 percent of the stored samples is discarded and one final sample is calculated as average of the remaining samples. If the length is 4 or above, at least 4 samples have to be collected between polls. For lengths below 4, the filter has to be full. The default is 64.

rate

PPS signal frequency (in Hz). This option only controls how the received pulses are aligned. To actually receive more than one pulse per second, a negative dpoll has to be specified (-3 for 5Hz signal). The default is 1.

lock

This option can be used to lock a PPS refclock to another refclock whose reference id is specified by this option. In this mode received pulses are aligned directly to unfiltered samples from the refclock. By default, pulses are aligned to local clock, but only when it is well synchronised.

offset

This option can be used to compensate a constant error. The specified offset (in seconds) is applied to all samples produced by the refclock. The default is 0.0.

delay

This option sets the NTP delay of the source (in seconds). Half of this value is included in the maximum assumed error which is used in the source selection algorithm. Increasing the delay is useful to avoid having no majority in the algorithm or to make it prefer other sources. The default is 1e-9 (1 nanosecond).

precision

Refclock precision (in seconds). The default is 1e-6 (1 microsecond) for SHM refclock, and 1e-9 (1 nanosecond) for SOCK, PPS and PHC refclocks.

maxdispersion

Maximum allowed dispersion for filtered samples (in seconds). Samples with larger estimated dispersion are ignored. By default, this limit is disabled.

prefer

Prefer this source over sources without prefer option.

noselect

Never select this source. This is useful for monitoring or with sources which are not very accurate, but are locked with a PPS refclock.

4.2.46 reselectdist

When chronyd selects synchronisation source from available sources, it will prefer the one with minimum synchronisation distance. However, to avoid frequent reselecting when there are sources with similar distance, a fixed distance is added to the distance for sources that are currently not selected. This can be set with the reselectdist option. By default, the distance is 100 microseconds.

The syntax is

reselectdist <dist-in-seconds>

4.2.47 rtcautotrim

The rtcautotrim directive is used to keep the real time clock (RTC) close to the system clock automatically. When the system clock is synchronized and the estimated error between the two clocks is larger than the specified threshold, chronyd will trim the RTC as if the trimrtc (see trimrtc command) command was issued.

This directive is effective only with the rtcfile directive.

An example of the use of this directive is

rtcautotrim 30

This would set the threshold error to 30 seconds.

4.2.48 rtcdevice

The rtcdevice directive defines the name of the device file for accessing the real time clock. By default this is /dev/rtc, unless the directive is used to set a different value. This applies to Linux systems with devfs. An example of use is

rtcdevice /dev/misc/rtc

4.2.49 rtcfile

The rtcfile directive defines the name of the file in which chronyd can save parameters associated with tracking the accuracy of the system’s real-time clock (RTC).

The syntax is illustrated in the following example

rtcfile /var/lib/chrony/rtc

chronyd saves information in this file when it exits and when the writertc command is issued in chronyc. The information saved is the RTC’s error at some epoch, that epoch (in seconds since January 1 1970), and the rate at which the RTC gains or loses time.

So far, the support for real-time clocks is limited - their code is even more system-specific than the rest of the software. You can only use the real time clock facilities (the rtcfile directive and the -s command line option to chronyd) if the following three conditions apply:

1. You are running Linux version 2.2.x or later.
2. You have compiled the kernel with extended real-time clock support (i.e. the /dev/rtc device is capable of doing useful things).
3. You don’t have other applications that need to make use of /dev/rtc at all.

4.2.50 rtconutc

chronyd assumes by default that the real time clock (RTC) keeps local time (including any daylight saving changes). This is convenient on PCs running Linux which are dual-booted with DOS or Windows.

NOTE : IF YOU KEEP THE REAL TIME CLOCK ON LOCAL TIME AND YOUR COMPUTER IS OFF WHEN DAYLIGHT SAVING (SUMMER TIME) STARTS OR ENDS, THE COMPUTER’S SYSTEM TIME WILL BE ONE HOUR IN ERROR WHEN YOU NEXT BOOT AND START CHRONYD.

An alternative is for the RTC to keep Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). This does not suffer from the 1 hour problem when daylight saving starts or ends.

If the rtconutc directive appears, it means the RTC is required to keep UTC. The directive takes no arguments. It is equivalent to specifying the -u switch to the Linux /sbin/hwclock program.

Note that this setting is overriden when the hwclockfile directive (see hwclockfile directive) is used.

4.2.51 rtcsync

The rtcsync directive will enable a kernel mode where the system time is copied to the real time clock (RTC) every 11 minutes.

This directive is supported only on Linux and cannot be used when the normal RTC tracking is enabled, i.e. when the rtcfile directive is used.

4.2.52 sched_priority

The sched_priority directive will select the SCHED_FIFO real-time scheduler at the specified priority (which must be between 0 and 100). This mode is supported only on Linux.

This directive uses the Linux sched_setscheduler() system call to instruct the kernel to use the SCHED_FIFO first-in, first-out real-time scheduling policy for chronyd with the specified priority. This means that whenever chronyd is ready to run it will run, interrupting whatever else is running unless it is a higher priority real-time process. This should not impact performance as chronyd's resource requirements are modest, but it should result in lower and more consistent latency since chronyd will not need to wait for the scheduler to get around to running it. You should not use this unless you really need it. The sched_setscheduler man page has more details.

4.2.53 server

The server directive allows NTP servers to be specified. The client/server relationship is strictly hierarchical : a client may synchronise its system time to that of the server, but the server’s system time will never be influenced by that of a client.

The server directive is immediately followed by either the name of the server, or its IP address. The server command also supports a number of subfields (which may be defined in any order):

port

This option allows the UDP port on which the server understands NTP requests to be specified. For normal servers this option should not be required (the default is 123, the standard NTP port).

minpoll

Although chronyd will trim the rate at which it samples the server during normal operation, the user may wish to constrain the minimum polling interval. This is always defined as a power of 2, so <tt/minpoll 5/ would mean that the polling interval cannot drop below 32 seconds. The default is 6 (64 seconds).

maxpoll

In a similar way, the user may wish to constrain the maximum polling interval. Again this is specified as a power of 2, so <tt/maxpoll 9/ indicates that the polling interval must stay at or below 512 seconds. The default is 10 (1024 seconds).

maxdelay

chronyd uses the network round-trip delay to the server to determine how accurate a particular measurement is likely to be. Long round-trip delays indicate that the request, or the response, or both were delayed. If only one of the messages was delayed the measurement error is likely to be substantial.

For small variations in round trip delay, chronyd uses a weighting scheme when processing the measurements. However, beyond a certain level of delay the measurements are likely to be so corrupted as to be useless. (This is particularly so on dial-up or other slow links, where a long delay probably indicates a highly asymmetric delay caused by the response waiting behind a lot of packets related to a download of some sort).

If the user knows that round trip delays above a certain level should cause the measurement to be ignored, this level can be defined with the maxdelay command. For example, <tt/maxdelay 0.3/ would indicate that measurements with a round-trip delay of 0.3 seconds or more should be ignored.

maxdelayratio

This option is similar to the maxdelay option above. chronyd keeps a record of the minimum round-trip delay amongst the previous measurements that it has buffered. If a measurement has a round trip delay that is greater than the maxdelayratio times the minimum delay, it will be rejected.

maxdelaydevratio

If a measurement has ratio of the increase in round-trip delay from the minimum delay amongst the previous measurements to the standard deviation of the previous measurements that is greater than maxdelaydevratio, it will be rejected. The default is 10.0.

presend

If the timing measurements being made by chronyd are the only network data passing between two computers, you may find that some measurements are badly skewed due to either the client or the server having to do an ARP lookup on the other party prior to transmitting a packet. This is more of a problem with long sampling intervals, which may be similar in duration to the lifetime of entries in the ARP caches of the machines.

In order to avoid this problem, the presend option may be used. It takes a single integer argument, which is the smallest polling interval for which a pair of packets will be exchanged between the client and the server prior to the actual measurement being initiated by the client. For example, with the following option included in a server directive :

presend 9

when the polling interval is 512 seconds or more, a UDP echo datagram will be sent to the server a short time (currently 4 seconds) before the NTP client mode datagram.

key

The NTP protocol supports the inclusion of checksums in the packets, to prevent computers having their system time upset by rogue packets being sent to them. The checksums are generated as a function of a password, using the cryptographic hash function set in the key file.

The association between key numbers and passwords is contained in the keys file, defined by the keyfile command.

If the key option is present, chronyd will attempt to use authenticated packets when communicating with this server. The key number used will be the single argument to the key option (an unsigned integer in the range 1 through 2**32-1). The server must have the same password for this key number configured, otherwise no relationship between the computers will be possible.

offline

If the server will not be reachable when chronyd is started, the offline option may be specified. chronyd will not try to poll the server until it is enabled to do so (by using the online option of chronyc).

auto_offline

If this option is set, the server will be assumed to have gone offline when 2 requests have been sent to it without receiving a response. This option avoids the need to run the offline (see offline command) command from chrony when disconnecting the dial-up link. (It will still be necessary to use chronyc’s online (see online command) command when the link has been established, to enable measurements to start.)

iburst

On start, make four measurements over a short duration (rather than the usual periodic measurements).

minstratum

When the synchronisation source is selected from available sources, sources with lower stratum are normally preferred. This option can be used to increase stratum of the source to the specified minimum, so chronyd will avoid selecting that source. This is useful with low stratum sources that are known to be unrealiable or inaccurate and which should be used only when other sources are unreachable.

polltarget

Target number of measurements to use for the regression algorithm which chronyd will try to maintain by adjusting polling interval between minpoll and maxpoll. A higher target makes chronyd prefer shorter polling intervals. The default is 6 and a useful range is 6 to 60.

prefer

Prefer this source over sources without prefer option.

noselect

Never select this source. This is particularly useful for monitoring.

4.2.54 stratumweight

The stratumweight directive sets how much distance should be added per stratum to the synchronisation distance when chronyd selects the synchronisation source from available sources.

The syntax is

stratumweight <dist-in-seconds>

By default, it is 1 second. This usually means that sources with lower stratum will be preferred to sources with higher stratum even when their distance is significantly worse. Setting stratumweight to 0 makes chronyd ignore stratum when selecting the source.

4.2.55 tempcomp

Normally, changes in rate of drift of the system clock are caused mainly by changes in temperature of the crystal oscillator on the mainboard.

If there are available temperature measurements from a sensor close to the oscillator, tempcomp directive can be used to compensate for the changes in rate and possibly improve clock accuracy.

Whether it will really help depends on many factors, including resolution of the sensor, noise in measurements, time source polling interval, compensation update interval, how good are the temperature coefficients, and how close is the sensor to the oscillator. The frequency reported in tracking.log should be more stable and the offsets should be smaller.

The directive has six parameters: path to the file which contains current temperature in text format, update interval (in seconds), and temperature coefficients T0, k0, k1, k2.

The frequency compensation is calculated (in ppm) as

k0 + (T - T0) * k1 + (T - T0)^2 * k2

The result has to be between -10 ppm and 10 ppm, otherwise the measurement is considered to be faulty and will be ignored. The k0 coefficient can be used to get the results in that range.

Valid measurements and calculated corrections are logged to tempcomp.log file if enabled with log tempcomp directive.

An example of use is

tempcomp /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon1/device/temp2_input 30 26000 0.0 0.000183 0.0

The measured temperature will be read from the file in Linux sysfs filesystem every 30 seconds. When the temperature is 26 degress (26000), the system clock frequency will not be adjusted. When it is 27 degrees (27000), the clock will be set to run 0.183ppm faster than it would be without the compensation, etc.

4.2.56 user

The user directive sets the name of the user to which will chronyd switch on initialisation to drop root privileges. So far, it works only on Linux when compiled with capabilities support. Setting the name to root will disable it.

The default value is root.

4.3 Running chronyc

Chronyc is the program that can be used to reconfigure options within the chronyd program whilst it is running. Chronyc can also be used to generate status reports about the operation of chronyd.

4.3.1 Basic use

The program chronyc is run by entering

chronyc

at the command line. The prompt chronyc is displayed whilst chronyc is expecting input from the user, when it is being run from a terminal. If chronyc’s input or output are redirected from/to a file, the prompt is now shown.

When you are finished entering commands, the commands exit or quit will terminate the program. (Entering Control-D will also terminate the program.)

4.3.2 Command line options

Chronyc supports the following command line options.

-v

Displays the version number of chronyc on the terminal, and exists.

-h <host>

This option allows the user to specify which host running the chronyd program is to be contacted. This allows for remote configuration, without having to ssh to the other host first.

The default is to contact chronyd running on the same host as that where chronyc is being run.

-p <port>

This option allows the user to specify the UDP port number which the target chronyd is using for its command & monitoring connections. This defaults to the compiled-in default; there would rarely be a need to change this.

-n

This option disables resolving IP addresses to hostnames.

-4

With this option hostnames will be resolved only to IPv4 addresses.

-6

With this option hostnames will be resolved only to IPv6 addresses.

-m

With this option multiple commands can be specified on the command line. Each argument will be interpreted as a whole command.

-f <conf-file>

This option can be used to specify an alternate location of the chronyd configuration file (default /etc/chrony/chrony.conf). The configuration file is needed for the ‘-a’ option.

-a

With this option chronyc will try to authenticate automatically on start. It will read the configuration file, read the command key from the keyfile and run the authhash and password commands.

4.3.3 Security with chronyc

Many of the commands available through chronyc have a fair amount of power to reconfigure the run-time behaviour of chronyd. Consequently, chronyc is quite dangerous for the integrity of the target system’s clock performance. Having access to chronyd via chronyc is more or less equivalent to being able to modify chronyd's configuration file (typically /etc/chrony/chrony.conf) and to restart chronyd.

Chronyc also provides a number of monitoring (as opposed to commanding) commands, which will not affect the behaviour of chronyd. However, you may still want to restrict access to these commands.

In view of this, access to some of the capabilities of chronyc will usually be tightly controlled. There are two mechanisms supported:

1. The set of hosts from which chronyd will accept commands can be restricted. By default, commands will only be accepted from the same host that chronyd is running on.
2. Any command that actually reconfigures some aspect of chronyd's behaviour requires the user of chronyc to know a password. This password is specified in chronyd's keys file (see keyfile directive) and specified via the commandkey option in its configuration file (see commandkey directive).

Only the following commands can be used without providing a password:

• activity
• authhash
• dns
• exit
• help
• password
• quit
• rtcdata
• sources
• sourcestats
• tracking
• waitsync

All other commands require a password to have been specified previously, because they affect chronyd's operation.

4.3.4 Command reference

This section describes each of the commands available within the chronyc program. Chronyc offers the user a simple command-line driven interface.

4.3.4.1 accheck

This command allows you to check whether client NTP access is allowed from a particular host.

Examples of use, showing a named host and a numeric IP address, are as follows:

accheck a.b.c
accheck 1.2.3.4
accheck 2001:db8::1

This command can be used to examine the effect of a series of allow, allow all, deny and deny all commands specified either via chronyc, or in chronyd's configuration file.

4.3.4.2 activity

This command reports the number of servers/peers that are online and offline. If the auto_offline option is used in specifying some of the servers/peers, the activity command may be useful for detecting when all of them have entered the offline state after the PPP link has been disconnected.

The report shows the number of servers/peers in 5 states:

• online : the server/peer is currently online (i.e. assumed by chronyd to be reachable)
• offline : the server/peer is currently offline (i.e. assumed by chronyd to be unreachable, and no measurements from it will be attempted.)
• burst_online : a burst command has been initiated for the server/peer and is being performed; after the burst is complete, the server/peer will be returned to the online state.
• burst_offline : a burst command has been initiated for the server/peer and is being performed; after the burst is complete, the server/peer will be returned to the offline state.
• unresolved : the name of the server/peer wasn’t resolved to an address yet; this server is not visible in the sources and sourcestats reports.

4.3.4.3 add peer

The add peer command allows a new NTP peer to be added whilst chronyd is running.

Following the words add peer, the syntax of the following parameters and options is identical to that for the peer directive in the configuration file (see peer directive).

An example of using this command is shown below.

add peer foo.bar.com minpoll 6 maxpoll 10 authkey 25

4.3.4.4 add server

The add server command allows a new NTP server to be added whilst chronyd is running.

Following the words add server, the syntax of the following parameters and options is identical to that for the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

An example of using this command is shown below.

add server foo.bar.com minpoll 6 maxpoll 10 authkey 25

4.3.4.5 allow all

The effect of the allow command is identical to the allow all directive in the configuration file (see allow directive).

4.3.4.6 allow

The effect of the allow command is identical to the allow directive in the configuration file (see allow directive).

The syntax is illustrated in the following examples:

allow foo.bar.com
allow 1.2
allow 3.4.5
allow 6.7.8/22
allow 6.7.8.9/22
allow 2001:db8:789a::/48
allow 0/0
allow ::/0
allow

The effect of each of these examples is the same as that of the allow directive in the configuration file.

4.3.4.7 authhash

This command sets the hash function used for authenticating user commands. For successful authentication the hash function has to be the same as the one set for the command key in the keys file on the server. It needs to be set before the password command is used. The default hash function is MD5.

An example is

authhash SHA1

The authhash command is run automatically on start if chronyc was started with the ‘-a’ option.

4.3.4.8 burst

The burst command tells chronyd to make a set of measurements to each of its NTP sources over a short duration (rather than the usual periodic measurements that it makes). After such a burst, chronyd will revert to the previous state for each source. This might be either online, if the source was being periodically measured in the normal way, or offline, if the source had been indicated as being offline. (Switching a source between the online and offline states is described in online command, offline command).

The syntax of the burst command is as follows

burst <n-good-measurements>/<max-measurements> [<mask>/<masked-address>]
burst <n-good-measurements>/<max-measurements> [<masked-address>/<masked-bits>]
burst <n-good-measurements>/<max-measurements> [<address>]

The mask and masked-address arguments are optional, in which case chronyd will initiate a burst for all of its currently defined sources.

The arguments have the following meaning and format.

n-good-measurements

This defines the number of good measurements that chronyd will want to obtain from each source. A measurement is good if it passes certain tests, for example, the round trip time to the source must be acceptable. (This allows chronyd to reject measurements that are likely to be bogus.)

max-measurements

This defines the maximum number of measurements that chronyd will attempt to make, even if the required number of good measurements has not been obtained.

mask

This is an IP address with which the IP address of each of chronyd’s sources is to be masked.

masked-address

This is an IP address. If the masked IP address of a source matches this value then the burst command is applied to that source.

masked-bits

This can be used with masked-address for CIDR notation, which is a shorter alternative to the form with mask.

address

This is an IP address or a hostname. The burst command is applied only to that source.

If no mask or masked address arguments are provided, every source will be matched.

An example of the two-argument form of the command is

burst 2/10

This will cause chronyd to attempt to get two good measurements from each source, stopping after two have been obtained, but in no event will it try more than ten probes to the source.

Examples of the four-argument form of the command are

burst 2/10 255.255.0.0/1.2.0.0
burst 2/10 2001:db8:789a::/48

In the first case, the two out of ten sampling will only be applied to sources whose IPv4 addresses are of the form 1.2.x.y, where x and y are arbitrary. In the second case, the sampling will be applied to sources whose IPv6 addresses have first 48 bits equal to 2001:db8:789a.

Example of the three-argument form of the command is

burst 2/10 foo.bar.com

4.3.4.9 clients

This command shows a list of all clients that have accessed the server, through either the NTP or command/monitoring ports. There are no arguments.

An example of the output is

Hostname                   Client    Peer CmdAuth CmdNorm  CmdBad  LstN  LstC
=========================  ======  ======  ======  ======  ======  ====  ====
localhost                       0       0      15       1       0   29y     0
aardvark.xxx                    4       0       0       0       0    49   29y
badger.xxx                      4       0       0       0       0     6   29y

Each row shows the data for a single host. Only hosts that have passed the host access checks (set with the allow, deny, cmdallow and cmddeny commands or configuration file directives) are logged.

The columns are as follows:

1. The hostname of the client
2. The number of times the client has accessed the server using an NTP client mode packet.
3. The number of times the client has accessed the server using an NTP symmetric active mode packet.
4. The number of authenticated command packets that have been processed from the client (i.e. those following a successful password command).
5. The number of unauthenticated command packets that have been processed from the client.
6. The number of bad command packets received from the client (not all forms of bad packet are logged).
7. Time since the last NTP packet was received
8. Time since the last command packet was received

The last two entries will be shown as the time since 1970 if no packet of that type has ever been received.

4.3.4.10 cmdaccheck

This command is similar to the accheck command, except that it is used to check whether command access is permitted from a named host.

Examples of use are as follows:

cmdaccheck a.b.c
cmdaccheck 1.2.3.4
cmdaccheck 2001:db8::1

4.3.4.11 cmdallow all

This is similar to the allow all command, except that it is used toallow particular hosts or subnets to use the chronyc program to interactwith chronyd on the current host.

4.3.4.12 cmdallow

This is similar to the allow command, except that it is used to allow particular hosts or subnets to use the chronyc program to interact with chronyd on the current host.

4.3.4.13 cmddeny all

This is similar to the deny all command, except that it is used to allow particular hosts or subnets to use the chronyc program to interact with chronyd on the current host.

4.3.4.14 cmddeny

This is similar to the deny command, except that it is used to allow particular hosts or subnets to use the chronyc program to interact with chronyd on the current host.

4.3.4.15 cyclelogs

The cyclelogs command causes all of chronyd's open log files to be closed and re-opened. This allows them to be renamed so that they can be periodically purged. An example of how to do this is shown below.

% mv /var/log/chrony/measurements.log /var/log/chrony/measurements1.log
% chronyc -a cyclelogs
% ls -l /var/log/chrony
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root            0 Jun  8 18:17 measurements.log
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        12345 Jun  8 18:17 measurements1.log
% rm -f measurements1.log

4.3.4.16 delete

The delete command allows an NTP server or peer to be removed from the current set of sources.

The syntax is illustrated in the examples below.

delete foo.bar.com
delete 1.2.3.4
delete 2001:db8::1

There is one parameter, the name or IP address of the server or peer to be deleted.

4.3.4.17 deny all

The effect of the allow command is identical to the deny all directive in the configuration file (see deny directive).

4.3.4.18 deny

The effect of the allow command is identical to the deny directive in the configuration file (see deny directive).

The syntax is illustrated in the following examples:

deny foo.bar.com
deny 1.2
deny 3.4.5
deny 6.7.8/22
deny 6.7.8.9/22
deny 2001:db8:789a::/48
deny 0/0
deny ::/0
deny

4.3.4.19 dns

The dns command configures how are hostnames and IP addresses resolved in chronyc. IP addresses can be resolved to hostnames when printing results of sources, sourcestats, tracking and clients commands. Hostnames are resolved in commands that take an address as argument.

There are five forms of the command:

dns -n

Disables resolving IP addresses to hostnames. Raw IP addresses will be displayed.

dns +n

Enables resolving IP addresses to hostnames. This is the default unless chronyc was started with -n option.

dns -4

Resolves hostnames only to IPv4 addresses.

dns -6

Resolves hostnames only to IPv6 addresses.

dns -46

Resolves hostnames to both address families. This is the default unless chronyc was started with -4 or -6 option.

4.3.4.20 dump

The dump command causes chronyd to write its current history of measurements for each of its sources to dump files, either for inspection or to support the -r option when chronyd is restarted.

The dump command is somewhat equivalent to the dumponexit directive in the chrony configuration file. See dumponexit directive.

To use the dump, you probably want to configure the name of the directory into which the dump files will be written. This can only be done in the configuration file, see dumpdir directive.

4.3.4.21 exit

The exit command exits from chronyc and returns the user to the shell (same as the quit command).

4.3.4.22 help

The help command displays a summary of the commands and their arguments.

4.3.4.23 local

The local command allows chronyd to be told that it is to appear as a reference source, even if it is not itself properly synchronised to an external source. (This can be used on isolated networks, to allow one computer to be a master time server with the other computers slaving to it.) The local command is somewhat equivalent to the local directive in the configuration file, see local directive.

The syntax is as shown in the following examples.

local stratum 10
local off

The first example enables the local reference mode on the host, and sets the stratum at which it should claim to be synchronised.

The second example disables the local reference mode.

4.3.4.24 makestep

Normally chronyd will cause the system to gradually correct any time offset, by slowing down or speeding up the clock as required. In certain situations, the system clock may be so far adrift that this slewing process would take a very long time to correct the system clock.

The makestep command can be used in this situation. It cancels any remaining correction that was being slewed, and jumps the system clock by the equivalent amount, making it correct immediately.

BE WARNED - certain software will be seriously affected by such jumps to the system time. (That is the reason why chronyd uses slewing normally.)

The makestep directive in the configuration file can be used to step the clock automatically when the adjustment is larger than a specified threshold, see makestep directive.

4.3.4.25 manual

The manual command enables and disables use of the settime command (see settime command), and is used to modify the behaviour of the manual clock driver.

Examples of the command are shown below.

manual on
manual off
manual delete 1
manual list
manual reset

The on form of the command enables use of the settime command.

The off form of the command disables use of the settime command.

The list form of the command lists all the samples currently stored in chronyd. The output is illustrated below.

210 n_samples = 1
#    Date  Time(UTC)    Slewed   Original   Residual
====================================================
 0 27Jan99 22:09:20       0.00       0.97       0.00

The columns as as follows :

1. The sample index (used for the manual delete command)
2. The date and time of the sample
3. The system clock error when the timestamp was entered, adjusted to allow for changes made to the system clock since.
4. The system clock error when the timestamp was entered, as it originally was (without allowing for changes to the system clock since).
5. The regression residual at this point, in seconds. This allows ’outliers’ to be easily spotted, so that they can be deleted using the manual delete command.

The delete form of the command deletes a single sample. The parameter is the index of the sample, as shown in the first column of the output from manual list. Following deletion of the data point, the current error and drift rate are re-estimated from the remaining data points and the system clock trimmed if necessary. This option is intended to allow ’outliers’ to be discarded, i.e. samples where the administrator realises he/she has entered a very poor timestamp.

The reset form of the command deletes all samples at once. The system clock is left running as it was before the command was entered.

4.3.4.26 maxdelay

This allows the maxdelay option for one of the sources to be modified, in the same way as specifying the maxdelay option for the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The following examples illustrate the syntax

maxdelay foo.bar.com 0.3
maxdelay 1.2.3.4 0.0015
maxdelay 2001:db8::1 0.0015

The first example sets the maximum network delay allowed for a measurement to the host foo.bar.com to 0.3 seconds. The second and third examples set the maximum network delay for a measurement to the host with IPv4 address 1.2.3.4 and the host with IPv6 address 2001:db8::1 to 1.5 milliseconds.

(Any measurement whose network delay exceeds the specified value is discarded.)

4.3.4.27 maxdelaydevratio

This allows the maxdelaydevratio option for one of the sources to be modified, in the same way as specifying the maxdelaydevratio option for the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The following examples illustrate the syntax

maxdelaydevratio foo.bar.com 0.1
maxdelaydevratio 1.2.3.4 1.0
maxdelaydevratio 2001:db8::1 100.0

4.3.4.28 maxdelayratio

This allows the maxdelayratio option for one of the sources to be modified, in the same way as specifying the maxdelayratio option for the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The following examples illustrate the syntax

maxdelayratio foo.bar.com 1.5
maxdelayratio 1.2.3.4 2.0
maxdelayratio 2001:db8::1 2.0

The first example sets the maximum network delay for a measurement to the host foo.bar.com to be 1.5 times the minimum delay found amongst the previous measurements that have been retained. The second and third examples set the maximum network delay for a measurement to the host with IPv4 address 1.2.3.4 and the host with IPv6 address 2001:db8::1 to be double the retained minimum.

As for maxdelay, any measurement whose network delay is too large will be discarded.

4.3.4.29 maxpoll

The maxpoll command is used to modify the minimum polling interval for one of the current set of sources. It is equivalent to the maxpoll option in the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The syntax is as follows

maxpoll <host> <new-maxpoll>

where the host can be specified as either a machine name or IP address. The new minimum poll is specified as a base-2 logarithm of the number of seconds between polls (e.g. specify 6 for 64 second sampling).

An example is

maxpoll foo.bar.com 10

which sets the maximum polling interval for the host foo.bar.com to 1024 seconds.

Note that the new maximum polling interval only takes effect after the next measurement has been made.

4.3.4.30 maxupdateskew

This command has the same effect as the maxupdateskew directive in the configuration file, see maxupdateskew directive.

4.3.4.31 minpoll

The minpoll command is used to modify the minimum polling interval for one of the current set of sources. It is equivalent to the minpoll option in the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The syntax is as follows

minpoll <host> <new-minpoll>

where the host can be specified as either a machine name or IP address. The new minimum poll is specified as a base-2 logarithm of the number of seconds between polls (e.g. specify 6 for 64 second sampling).

An example is

minpoll foo.bar.com 5

which sets the minimum polling interval for the host foo.bar.com to 32 seconds.

Note that the new minimum polling interval only takes effect after the next measurement has been made.

4.3.4.32 minstratum

The minstratum command is used to modify the minimum stratum for one of the current set of sources. It is equivalent to the minstratum option in the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The syntax is as follows

minstratum <host> <new-min-stratum>

where the host can be specified as either a machine name or IP address.

An example is

minpoll foo.bar.com 5

which sets the minimum stratum for the host foo.bar.com to 5.

Note that the new minimum stratum only takes effect after the next measurement has been made.

4.3.4.33 offline

The offline command is used to warn chronyd that the network connection to a particular host or hosts is about to be lost. It should be used on computers with a dial-up or similar connection to their time sources, to warn chronyd that the connection is about to be broken.

An example of how to use offline in this case is shown in Advising chronyd of internet availability.

Another case where offline could be used is where a computer serves time to a local group of computers, and has a permanant connection to true time servers outside the organisation. However, the external connection is heavily loaded at certain times of the day and the measurements obtained are less reliable at those times. In this case, it is probably most useful to determine the gain/loss rate during the quiet periods and let the whole network coast through the loaded periods. The offline and online commands can be used to achieve this. The situation is shown in the figure below.

          +----------+
          |Ext source|
          +----------+
              |
              |
              |/| <-- Link with variable
                |     reliability
                |
      +-------------------+
      |Local master server|
      +-------------------+
                |
  +---+---+-----+-----+----+----+
  |   |   |     |     |    |    |
           Local clients

If the source to which chronyd is currently synchronised is indicated offline in this way, chronyd will continue to treat it as the synchronisation source. If the network connection were broken without the offline command being used, chronyd would assume that the source had failed and would attempt to pick another synchronisation source.

There are four forms of the offline command. The first form is a wildcard, meaning all sources. The second form allows an IP address mask and a masked address to be specified. The third form uses the CIDR notation. The fourth form uses an IP address or a hostname. These forms are illustrated below.

offline
offline 255.255.255.0/1.2.3.0
offline 2001:db8:789a::/48
offline foo.bar.com

The second form means that the offline command is to be applied to any source whose IPv4 address is in the 1.2.3 subnet. (The host’s address is logically and-ed with the mask, and if the result matches the masked-address the host is processed). The third form means that the command is to be applied to all sources whose IPv6 addresses have first 48 bits equal to 2001:db8:789a. The fourth form means that the command is to be applied only to that one source.

The wildcard form of the address is actually equivalent to

offline 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
offline ::/0

4.3.4.34 online

The online command is opposite in function to the offline command. It is used to advise chronyd that network connectivity to a particular source or sources has been restored.

The syntax is identical to that of the offline command, see offline command.

4.3.4.35 password

The password command is used to allow chronyc to send privileged commands to chronyd. The password can either be entered on the command line, or can be entered without echoing. The syntax for entering the password on the command line is as follows

password xyzzy
password ASCII:xyzzy
password HEX:78797a7a79

To enter the password without it being echoed, enter

password

The computer will respond with a ‘Password:’ prompt, at which you should enter the password and press return. (Note that the no-echo mode is limited to 8 characters on SunOS 4.1 due to limitations in the system library. Other systems do not have this restriction.)

The password can be encoded as a string of characters not containing a space with optional ASCII: prefix or as a hexadecimal number with HEX: prefix. It has to match chronyd's currently defined command key (see commandkey directive).

The password command is run automatically on start if chronyc was started with the ‘-a’ option.

4.3.4.36 polltarget

The polltarget command is used to modify the poll target for one of the current set of sources. It is equivalent to the polltarget option in the server directive in the configuration file (see server directive).

The syntax is as follows

polltarget <host> <new-poll-target>

where the host can be specified as either a machine name or IP address.

An example is

polltarget foo.bar.com 12

which sets the poll target for the host foo.bar.com to 12.

4.3.4.37 quit

The quit command exits from chronyc and returns the user to the shell (same as the exit command).

4.3.4.38 reselect

To avoid excessive switching between sources, chronyd may stay synchronised to a source even when it is not currently the best one among the available sources.

The reselect command can be used to force chronyd to reselect the best synchronisation source.

4.3.4.39 reselectdist

The reselectdist command sets the reselect distance. It is equivalent to the reselectdist directive in the configuration file (see reselectdist directive).

4.3.4.40 retries

The retries command sets the maximum number of retries for chronyc requests before giving up. The response timeout is controlled by timeout command (see timeout command).

The default is 2.

4.3.4.41 rtcdata

The rtcdata command displays the current real time clock RTC parameters.

An example output is shown below.

RTC ref time (GMT) : Sat May 30 07:25:56 1998
Number of samples  : 10
Number of runs     : 5
Sample span period :  549
RTC is fast by     :    -1.632736 seconds
RTC gains time at  :  -107.623 ppm

The fields have the following meaning

RTC ref time (GMT)

This is the RTC reading the last time its error was measured.

Number of samples

This is the number of previous measurements being used to determine the RTC gain/loss rate.

Number of runs

This is the number of runs of residuals of the same sign following the regression fit for (RTC error) versus (RTC time). A value which is small indicates that the measurements are not well approximated by a linear model, and that the algorithm will tend to delete the older measurements to improve the fit.

Sample span period

This is the period that the measurements span (from the oldest to the newest). Without a unit the value is in seconds; suffixes ‘m’ for minutes, ‘h’ for hours, ‘d’ for days or ‘y’ for years may be used.

RTC is fast by

This is the estimate of how many seconds fast the RTC when it thought the time was at the reference time (above). If this value is large, you may (or may not) want to use the trimrtc command to bring the RTC into line with the system clock. (Note, a large error will not affect chronyd's operation, unless it becomes so big as to start causing rounding errors.

RTC gains time at

This is the amount of time gained (positive) or lost (negative) by the real time clock for each second that it ticks. It is measured in parts per million. So if the value shown was +1, suppose the RTC was exactly right when it crosses a particular second boundary. Then it would be 1 microsecond fast when it crosses its next second boundary.

4.3.4.42 settime

The settime command allows the current time to be entered manually, if this option has been configured into chronyd. (It may be configured either with the manual directive in the configuration file (see manual directive), or with the manual command of chronyc (see manual command).

It should be noted that the computer’s sense of time will only be as accurate as the reference you use for providing this input (e.g. your watch), as well as how well you can time the press of the return key.

Providing your computer’s time zone is set up properly, you will be able to enter a local time (rather than UTC).

The response to a successful settime command indicates the amount that the computer’s clock was wrong. It should be apparent from this if you have entered the time wrongly, e.g. with the wrong time zone.

The rate of drift of the system clock is estimated by a regression process using the entered measurement and all previous measurements entered during the present run of chronyd. However, the entered measurement is used for adjusting the current clock offset (rather than the estimated intercept from the regression, which is ignored). Contrast what happens with the manual delete command, where the intercept is used to set the current offset (since there is no measurement that has just been typed in in that case).

The time is parsed by the public domain getdate algorithm. Consequently, you can only specify time to the nearest second.

Examples of inputs that are valid are shown below.

settime 16:30
settime 16:30:05
settime Nov 21, 1997 16:30:05

For a full description of getdate, get hold of the getdate documentation (bundled, for example, with the source for GNU tar).

4.3.4.43 sources

This command displays information about the current time sources that chronyd is accessing.

The optional argument -v can be specified, meaning verbose. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.

210 Number of sources = 3
MS Name/IP address         Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample
===============================================================================
#* GPS0                          0   4   377    11   -479ns[ -621ns] +/-  134ns
^? a.b.c                         2   6   377    23   -923us[ -924us] +/-   43ms
^+ d.e.f                         1   6   377    21  -2629us[-2619us] +/-   86ms

The columns are as follows:

M

This indicates the mode of the source. ^ means a server, = means a peer and # indicates a locally connected reference clock.

S

This column indicates the state of the sources. * indicates the source to which chronyd is currently synchronised. + indicates acceptable sources which are combined with the selected source. - indicates acceptable sources which are excluded by the combining algorithm. ? indicates sources to which connectivity has been lost or whose packets don’t pass all tests. x indicates a clock which chronyd thinks is is a falseticker (i.e. its time is inconsistent with a majority of other sources). ~ indicates a source whose time appears to have too much variability. The ? condition is also shown at start-up, until at least 3 samples have been gathered from it.

Name/IP address

This shows the name or the IP address of the source, or refid for reference clocks.

Stratum

This shows the stratum of the source, as reported in its most recently received sample. Stratum 1 indicates a computer with a locally attached reference clock. A computer that is synchronised to a stratum 1 computer is at stratum 2. A computer that is synchronised to a stratum 2 computer is at stratum 3, and so on.

Poll

This shows the rate at which the source is being polled, as a base-2 logarithm of the interval in seconds. Thus, a value of 6 would indicate that a measurement is being made every 64 seconds.

chronyd automatically varies the polling rate in response to prevailing conditions.

Reach

This shows the source’s reachability register printed as octal number. The register has 8 bits and is updated on every received or missed packet from the source. A value of 377 indicates that a valid reply was received for all from the last eight transmissions.

LastRx

This column shows how long ago the last sample was received from the source. This is normally in seconds. The letters m, h, d or y indicate minutes, hours, days or years. A value of 10 years indicates there were no samples received from this source yet.

Last sample

This column shows the offset between the local clock and the source at the last measurement. The number in the square brackets shows the actual measured offset. This may be suffixed by ns (indicating nanoseconds), us (indicating microseconds), ms (indicating milliseconds), or s (indicating seconds). The number to the left of the square brackets shows the original measurement, adjusted to allow for any slews applied to the local clock since. The number following the +/- indicator shows the margin of error in the measurement.

Positive offsets indicate that the local clock is fast of the source.

4.3.4.44 sourcestats

The sourcestats command displays information about the drift rate and offset estimatation process for each of the sources currently being examined by chronyd.

The optional argument -v can be specified, meaning verbose. In this case, extra caption lines are shown as a reminder of the meanings of the columns.

An example report is

210 Number of sources = 1
Name/IP Address            NP  NR  Span  Frequency  Freq Skew  Offset  Std Dev
===============================================================================
abc.def.ghi                11   5   46m     -0.001      0.045      1us    25us

The columns are as follows

Name/IP Address

This is the name or IP address of the NTP server (or peer) or refid of the refclock to which the rest of the line relates.

NP

This is the number of sample points currently being retained for the server. The drift rate and current offset are estimated by performing a linear regression through these points.

NR

This is the number of runs of residuals having the same sign following the last regression. If this number starts to become too small relative to the number of samples, it indicates that a straight line is no longer a good fit to the data. If the number of runs is too low, chronyd discards older samples and re-runs the regression until the number of runs becomes acceptable.

Span

This is the interval between the oldest and newest samples. If no unit is shown the value is in seconds. In the example, the interval is 46 minutes.

Frequency

This is the estimated residual frequency for the server, in parts per million. In this case, the computer’s clock is estimated to be running 1 part in 10**9 slow relative to the server.

Freq Skew

This is the estimated error bounds on Freq (again in parts per million).

Offset

This is the estimated offset of the source.

Std Dev

This is the estimated sample standard deviation.

4.3.4.45 timeout

The timeout command sets the initial timeout for chronyc requests in milliseconds. If no response is received from chronyd, the timeout is doubled and the request is resent. The maximum number of retries is configured with the retries command (see retries command).

By default, the timeout is 1000 milliseconds or 100 milliseconds if chronyc is contacting localhost (i.e. the ‘-h’ option wasn’t specified) and chronyd was compiled with asynchronous name resolving.

4.3.4.46 tracking

The tracking command displays parameters about the system’s clock performance. An example of the output is shown below.

Reference ID    : 1.2.3.4 (a.b.c)
Stratum         : 3
Ref time (UTC)  : Fri Feb  3 15:00:29 2012
System time     : 0.000001501 seconds slow of NTP time
Last offset     : -0.000001632 seconds
RMS offset      : 0.000002360 seconds
Frequency       : 331.898 ppm fast
Residual freq   : 0.004 ppm
Skew            : 0.154 ppm
Root delay      : 0.373169 seconds
Root dispersion : 0.024780 seconds
Update interval : 64.2 seconds
Leap status     : Normal

The fields are explained as follows.

Reference ID

This is the refid and name (or IP address) if available, of the server to which the computer is currently synchronised. If this is 127.127.1.1 it means the computer is not synchronised to any external source and that you have the ‘local’ mode operating (via the local command in chronyc (see local command), or the local directive in the /etc/chrony/chrony.conf file (see local directive)).

Stratum

The stratum indicates how many hops away from a computer with an attached reference clock we are. Such a computer is a stratum-1 computer, so the computer in the example is two hops away (i.e. a.b.c is a stratum-2 and is synchronised from a stratum-1).

Ref time

This is the time (UTC) at which the last measurement from the reference source was processed.

System time

In normal operation, chronyd never steps the system clock, because any jump in the timescale can have adverse consequences for certain application programs. Instead, any error in the system clock is corrected by slightly speeding up or slowing down the system clock until the error has been removed, and then returning to the system clock’s normal speed. A consequence of this is that there will be a period when the system clock (as read by other programs using the gettimeofday() system call, or by the date command in the shell) will be different from chronyd's estimate of the current true time (which it reports to NTP clients when it is operating in server mode). The value reported on this line is the difference due to this effect.

On systems such as Solaris and SunOS, chronyd has no means to adjust the fundamental rate of the system clock, so keeps the system time correct by periodically making offsets to it as though an error had been measured. The build up of these offsets will be observed in this report.

Last offset

This is the estimated local offset on the last clock update.

RMS offset

This is a long-term average of the offset value.

Frequency

The ‘frequency’ is the rate by which the system’s clock would be would be wrong if chronyd was not correcting it. It is expressed in ppm (parts per million). For example, a value of 1ppm would mean that when the system’s clock thinks it has advanced 1 second, it has actually advanced by 1.000001 seconds relative to true time.

As you can see in the example, the clock in the computer is not a very good one - it gains about 30 seconds per day!

Residual freq

This shows the ‘residual frequency’ for the currently selected reference source. This reflects any difference between what the measurements from the reference source indicate the frequency should be and the frequency currently being used.

The reason this is not always zero is that a smoothing procedure is applied to the frequency. Each time a measurement from the reference source is obtained and a new residual frequency computed, the estimated accuracy of this residual is compared with the estimated accuracy (see ‘skew’ next) of the existing frequency value. A weighted average is computed for the new frequency, with weights depending on these accuracies. If the measurements from the reference source follow a consistent trend, the residual will be driven to zero over time.

Skew

This is the estimated error bound on the the frequency.

Root delay

This is the total of the network path delays to the stratum-1 computer from which the computer is ultimately synchronised.

In certain extreme situations, this value can be negative. (This can arise in a symmetric peer arrangement where the computers’ frequencies are not tracking each other and the network delay is very short relative to the turn-around time at each computer.)

Root dispersion

This is the total dispersion accumulated through all the computers back to the stratum-1 computer from which the computer is ultimately synchronised. Dispersion is due to system clock resolution, statistical measurement variations etc.

An absolute bound on the computer’s clock accuracy (assuming the stratum-1 computer is correct) is given by

clock_error <= root_dispersion + (0.5 * |root_delay|)

Update interval

This is the interval between the last two clock updates.

Leap status

This is the leap status, which can be Normal, Insert second, Delete second or Not synchronised.

4.3.4.47 trimrtc

The trimrtc command is used to correct the system’s real time clock (RTC) to the main system clock. It has no effect if the error between the two clocks is currently estimated at less than a second (the resolution of the RTC is only 1 second).

The command takes no arguments. It performs the following steps (if the RTC is more than 1 second away from the system clock):

1. Remember the currently estimated gain/loss rate of the RTC and flush the previous measurements.
2. Step the real time clock to bring it within a second of the system clock.
3. Make several measurements to accurately determine the new offset between the RTC and the system clock (i.e. the remaining fraction of a second error)
4. Save the RTC parameters to the RTC file (specified with the rtcfile directive in the configuration file (see rtcfile directive).

The last step is done as a precaution against the computer suffering a power failure before either the daemon exits or the writertc command is issued.

chronyd will still work perfectly well both whilst operating and across machine reboots even if the trimrtc command is never used (and the RTC is allowed to drift away from true time). The trimrtc command is provided as a method by which it can be corrected, in a manner compatible with chronyd using it to maintain accurate time across machine reboots.

The trimrtc command can be executed automatically by chronyd with the rtcautotrim directive (see rtcautotrim directive).

4.3.4.48 waitsync

The waitsync command waits for chronyd to synchronise.

Up to three optional arguments can be specified, the first is the maximum number of tries in 10 second intervals before giving up and returning a non-zero error code. When 0 is specified, or there are no arguments, the number of tries will not be limited.

The second and third arguments are the maximum allowed remaining correction of the system clock and the maximum allowed skew (in ppm) as reported by the tracking command (see tracking command) in the System time and Skew fields. If not specified or zero, the value will not be checked.

An example is

waitsync 60 0.01

which will wait up to about 10 minutes for chronyd to synchronise to a source and the remaining correction to be less than 10 milliseconds.

4.3.4.49 writertc

The writertc command writes the currently estimated error and gain/loss rate parameters for the RTC to the RTC file (specified with the rtcfile directive (see rtcfile directive)). This information is also written automatically when chronyd is killed (with SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT or SIGTERM) or when the trimrtc command is issued.

5 Frequently asked questions

5.1 Administrative issues

5.1.1 Where can I get chrony source code?

Tarballs are available via the Download link on the chrony web site. For the current development from the developers’ version control system see the Git link on the web site.

5.1.2 Are there any packaged versions of chrony?

We are aware of packages for Arch, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Mandriva, Slackware, Ubuntu, FreeBSD and NetBSD. We are not involved with how these are built or distributed.

5.1.3 Where is the home page?

It is currently at http://chrony.tuxfamily.org.

5.1.4 Is there a mailing list?

Yes, it’s currently at chrony-users@chrony.tuxfamily.org. There is a low-volume list called chrony-announce which is just for announcements of new releases or similar matters of high importance. You can join the lists by sending a message with the subject subscribe to chrony-users-request@chrony.tuxfamily.org or chrony-announce-request@chrony.tuxfamily.org respectively.

For those who want to contribute to the development of chrony, there is a developers’ mailing list. You can subscribe by sending mail with the subject subscribe to chrony-dev-request@chrony.tuxfamily.org.

5.1.5 What licence is applied to chrony?

Starting from version 1.15, chrony is licensed under the GNU General Public License, Version 2. Versions prior to 1.15 were licensed under a custom BSD-like license.

5.2 Chrony compared to other programs

5.2.1 How does chrony compare to ntpd?

Chrony can usually synchronise the system clock faster and with better time accuracy, but it doesn’t implement all NTP features, e.g. broadcast/multicast mode, or authentication based on public-key cryptography. For a more detailed comparison, see section Comparison with ntpd in the manual.

If your computer connects to the ’net only for few minutes at a time, you turn your Linux computer off or suspend it frequently, the clock is not very stable (e.g. it is a virtual machine), or you want to use NTP on an isolated network with no hardware clocks in sight, chrony will probably work much better for you.

The original reason chrony was written was that ntpd (called xntpd at the time) could not to do anything sensible on a PC which was connected to the ’net only for about 5 minutes once or twice a day, mainly to upload/download email and news. The requirements were

• slew the time to correct it when going online and NTP servers become visible
• determine the rate at which the computer gains or loses time and use this information to keep it reasonably correct between connects to the ’net. This has to be done using a method that does not care about the intermittent availability of the references or the fact the computer is turned off between groups of measurements.
• maintain the time across reboots, by working out the error and drift rate of the computer’s real-time clock and using this information to set the system clock correctly at boot up.

Also, when working with isolated networks with no true time references at all ntpd was found to give no help with managing the local clock’s gain/loss rate on the NTP master node (which was set from watch). Some automated support was added to chrony to deal with this.

5.3 Configuration issues

5.3.1 I have several computers on a LAN. Should be all clients of an external server?

The best configuration is usually to make one computer the master, with the others as clients of it. Add a local directive to the master’s chrony.conf file. This configuration will be better because

• the load on the external connection is less
• the load on the external NTP server(s) is less
• if your external connection goes down, the computers on the LAN will maintain a common time with each other.

5.3.2 Must I specify servers by IP address if DNS is not available on chronyd start?

No. Starting from version 1.25, chronyd will keep trying to resolve the hostnames specified in the server and peer directives in increasing intervals until it succeeds. The online command can be issued from chronyc to try to resolve them immediately.

5.3.3 How can I make chronyd more secure?

If you don’t need to serve time to NTP clients, you can add port 0 to the chrony.conf file to disable the NTP server/peer sockets and prevent NTP requests from reaching chronyd.

If you don’t need to use chronyc remotely, you can add the following directives to the configuration file to bind the command sockets to the loopback interface

bindcmdaddress 127.0.0.1
bindcmdaddress ::1

If you don’t need to use chronyc at all, you can disable the command sockets by adding cmdport 0 to the configuration file.

5.4 Computer is not synchronising

This is the most common problem. There are a number of reasons, see the following questions.

5.4.1 Behind a firewall?

If there is a firewall between you and the NTP server you’re trying to use, the packets may be blocked. Try using a tool like wireshark or tcpdump to see if you’re getting responses from the server. If you have an external modem, see if the receive light blinks straight after the transmit light (when the link is quiet apart from the NTP traffic.) Try adding log measurements to the chrony.conf file and look in the measurements.log file after chrony has been running for a short period. See if any measurements appear.

5.4.2 Do you have a non-permanent (i.e. intermittent) Internet connection?

Check that you’re using chronyc’s online and offline commands appropriately. Again, check in measurements.log to see if you’re getting any data back from the server.

5.4.3 In measurements.log, do the ’7’ and ’8’ flag columns always show zero?

Do you have a local stratum X directive in the chrony.conf file? If X is lower than the stratum of the server you’re trying to use, this situation will arise. You should always make X quite high (e.g. 10) in this directive.

5.5 Issues with chronyc

5.5.1 I keep getting the error 506 Cannot talk to daemon

Make sure that the chrony.conf file (on the computer where chronyd is running) has a cmdallow entry for the computer you are running chronyc on. This isn’t necessary for localhost.

Perhaps chronyd is not running. Try using the ps command (e.g. on Linux, ’ps -auxw’) to see if it’s running. Or try ’netstat -a’ and see if the ports 123/udp and 323/udp are listening. If chronyd is not running, you may have a problem with the way you are trying to start it (e.g. at boot time).

Perhaps you have a firewall set up in a way that blocks packets on port 323/udp. You need to amend the firewall configuration in this case.

5.5.2 Is the chronyc<->chronyd protocol documented anywhere?

Only by the source code :-) See cmdmon.c (chronyd side) and client.c (chronyc side).

5.6 Real-time clock issues

5.6.1 What is the real-time clock (RTC)?

This is the clock which keeps the time even when your computer is turned off. It works with 1 second resolution. chronyd can monitor the rate at which the real-time clock gains or loses time, and compensate for it when you set the system time from it at the next reboot. See the documentation for details.

5.6.2 I want to use chronyd’s real-time clock support. Must I disable hwclock?

The hwclock program is often set-up by default in the boot and shutdown scripts with many Linux installations. If you want to use chronyd’s real-time clock support, the important thing is to disable hwclock in the shutdown procedure. If you don’t, it will over-write the RTC with a new value, unknown to chronyd. At the next reboot, chronyd will compensate this (wrong) time with its estimate of how far the RTC has drifted whilst the power was off, giving a meaningless initial system time.

There is no need to remove hwclock from the boot process, as long as chronyd is started after it has run.

5.6.3 I just keep getting the ’513 RTC driver not running’ message

For the real time clock support to work, you need the following three things

• a kernel that is supported (e.g. 2.2 onwards)
• enhanced RTC support compiled into the kernel
• an rtcfile directive in your chrony.conf file

5.7 Microsoft Windows

5.7.1 Does chrony support Windows?

No. The chronyc program (the command-line client used for configuring chronyd while it is running) has been successfully built and run under Cygwin in the past. chronyd is not portable, because part of it is very system-dependent. It needs adapting to work with Windows’ equivalent of the adjtimex() call, and it needs to be made to work as an NT service.

5.7.2 Are there any plans to support Windows?

We have no plans to do this. Anyone is welcome to pick this work up and contribute it back to the project.

5.8 NTP-specific issues

5.8.1 Can chrony be driven from broadcast NTP servers?

No, this NTP mode is not implemented yet.

5.8.2 Can chronyd transmit broadcast NTP packets (e.g. to synchronise other computers on a private LAN)?

Yes. Starting from version 1.17, chrony has this capability.

5.8.3 Can chrony keep the system clock a fixed offset away from real time?

This is not possible as the program currently stands.

5.8.4 What happens if the network connection is dropped without using chronyc’s ’offline’ command first?

In this case chronyd will keep trying to access the server(s) that it thinks are online. Eventually it will decide that they are unreachable and no longer consider itself synchronised to them. If you have other computers on your LAN accessing the computer that is affected this way, they too will become ’unsynchronised’, unless you have the ’local’ directive set up on the master computer.

The ’auto_offline’ option to the ’server’ entry in the chrony.conf file may be useful to avoid this situation.

5.9 Linux-specific issues

5.9.1 I get "Could not open /dev/rtc, Device or resource busy" in my syslog file

Some other program running on the system may be using the device.

5.10 Solaris-specific issues

5.10.1 On Solaris 2.8, I get an error message about not being able to open kvm to change dosynctodr

(The dosynctodr variable controls whether Solaris couples the equivalent of its BIOS clock into its system clock at regular intervals). The Solaris port of chrony was developed in the Solaris 2.5 era. Some aspect of the Solaris kernel has changed which prevents the same technique working. We no longer have root access to any Solaris machines to work on this, and we are reliant on somebody developing the patch and testing it.

Appendix A GNU General Public License

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble

The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software–to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.

When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.

We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.

Also, for each author’s protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations.

Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all.

The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program’s source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.

c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.

3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.

5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.

6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients’ exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.

7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program’s name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.

The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than ‘show w’ and ‘show c’; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items–whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program ‘Gnomovision’ (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License.

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