8. Eyes and Half Eyes

The purpose of this Chapter is to describe the algorithm used in GNU Go to determine eyes.

8.1 Local games

The fundamental paradigm of combinatorial game theory is that games can be added and in fact form a group. If ‘G’ and ‘H’ are games, then ‘G+H’ is a game in which each player on his turn has the option of playing in either move. We say that the game ‘G+H’ is the sum of the local games ‘G’ and ‘H’.

Each connected eyespace of a dragon affords a local game which yields a local game tree. The score of this local game is the number of eyes it yields. Usually if the players take turns and make optimal moves, the end scores will differ by 0 or 1. In this case, the local game may be represented by a single number, which is an integer or half integer. Thus if ‘n(O)’ is the score if ‘O’ moves first, both players alternate (no passes) and make alternate moves, and similarly ‘n(X)’, the game can be represented by ‘{n(O)|n(X)}’. Thus {1|1} is an eye, {2|1} is an eye plus a half eye, etc.

The exceptional game {2|0} can occur, though rarely. We call an eyespace yielding this local game a CHIMERA. The dragon is alive if any of the local games ends up with a score of 2 or more, so {2|1} is not different from {3|1}. Thus {3|1} is NOT a chimera.

Here is an example of a chimera:

XXXXX
XOOOX
XO.OOX
XX..OX
XXOOXX
XXXXX

8.2 Eye spaces

In order that each eyespace be assignable to a dragon, it is necessary that all the dragons surrounding it be amalgamated (see section Amalgamation). This is the function of dragon_eye().

An EYE SPACE for a black dragon is a collection of vertices adjacent to a dragon which may not yet be completely closed off, but which can potentially become eyespace. If an open eye space is sufficiently large, it will yield two eyes. Vertices at the edge of the eye space (adjacent to empty vertices outside the eye space) are called MARGINAL.

Here is an example from a game:

 |. X . X X . . X O X O 
 |X . . . . . X X O O O
 |O X X X X . . X O O O
 |O O O O X . O X O O O
 |. . . . O O O O X X O
 |X O . X X X . . X O O
 |X O O O O O O O X X O
 |. X X O . O X O . . X
 |X . . X . X X X X X X
 |O X X O X . X O O X O

Here the ‘O’ dragon which is surrounded in the center has open eye space. In the middle of this open eye space are three dead ‘X’ stones. This space is large enough that O cannot be killed. We can abstract the properties of this eye shape as follows. Marking certain vertices as follows:

 |- X - X X - - X O X O 
 |X - - - - - X X O O O
 |O X X X X - - X O O O
 |O O O O X - O X O O O
 |! . . . O O O O X X O
 |X O . X X X . ! X O O
 |X O O O O O O O X X O
 |- X X O - O X O - - X
 |X - - X - X X X X X X
 |O X X O X - X O O X O

the shape in question has the form:

!...
  .XXX.!

The marginal vertices are marked with an exclamation point (‘!’). The captured ‘X’ stones inside the eyespace are naturally marked ‘X’.

The precise algorithm by which the eye spaces are determined is somewhat complex. Documentation of this algorithm is in the comments in the source to the function make_domains() in ‘optics.c’.

The eyespaces can be conveniently displayed using a colored ascii diagram by running gnugo -E.

8.3 The eyespace as local game

In the abstraction, an eyespace consists of a set of vertices labelled:

!  .  X

Tables of many eyespaces are found in the database ‘patterns/eyes.db’. Each of these may be thought of as a local game. The result of this game is listed after the eyespace in the form :max,min, where max is the number of eyes the pattern yields if ‘O’ moves first, while min is the number of eyes the pattern yields if ‘X’ moves first. The player who owns the eye space is denoted ‘O’ throughout this discussion. Since three eyes are no better than two, there is no attempt to decide whether the space yields two eyes or three, so max never exceeds 2. Patterns with min>1 are omitted from the table.

For example, we have:

Pattern 548

 x
xX.!

:0111

Here notation is as above, except that ‘x’ means ‘X’ or EMPTY. The result of the pattern is not different if ‘X’ has stones at these vertices or not.

We may abstract the local game as follows. The two players ‘O’ and ‘X’ take turns moving, or either may pass.

RULE 1: ‘O’ for his move may remove any vertex marked ‘!’ or marked ‘.’.

RULE 2: ‘X’ for his move may replace a ‘.’ by an ‘X’.

RULE 3: ‘X’ may remove a ‘!’. In this case, each ‘.’ adjacent to the ‘!’ which is removed becomes a ‘!’ . If an ‘X’ adjoins the ‘!’ which is removed, then that ‘X’ and any which are connected to it are also removed. Any ‘.’ which are adjacent to the removed ‘X’’s then become ‘.’.

Thus if ‘O’ moves first he can transform the eyeshape in the above example to:

 ...            or      !...
  .XXX.!                  .XXX.

However if ‘X’ moves he may remove the ‘!’ and the ‘.’s adjacent to the ‘!’ become ‘!’ themselves. Thus if ‘X’ moves first he may transform the eyeshape to:

 !..           or    !..
  .XXX.!              .XXX!

NOTE: A nuance which is that after the ‘X:1’, ‘O:2’ exchange below, ‘O’ is threatening to capture three X stones, hence has a half eye to the left of 2. This is subtle, and there are other such subtleties which our abstraction will not capture. Some of these at least can be dealt with by a refinements of the scheme, but we will content ourselves for the time being with a simplified model.

 |- X - X X - - X O X O 
 |X - - - - - X X O O O
 |O X X X X - - X O O O
 |O O O O X - O X O O O
 |1 2 . . O O O O X X O
 |X O . X X X . 3 X O O
 |X O O O O O O O X X O
 |- X X O - O X O - - X
 |X - - X - X X X X X X
 |O X X O X - X O O X O

We will not attempt to characterize the terminal states of the local game (some of which could be seki) or the scoring.

8.4 An example

Here is a local game which yields exactly one eye, no matter who moves first:

!
...
...!

Here are some variations, assuming ‘O’ moves first.

!        (start position)
...
...!

...      (after ‘O’'s move)
...!

... 
..!

... 
..

.X.       (nakade)
..

Here is another variation:

!         (start)
...
...!

!         (after ‘O’'s move)
. .
...!

!         (after ‘X’'s move)
. .
..X!

. .
..X!

. !
.!

8.5 Graphs

It is a useful observation that the local game associated with an eyespace depends only on the underlying graph, which as a set consists of the set of vertices, in which two elements are connected by an edge if and only if they are adjacent on the Go board. For example the two eye shapes:

..
 ..

and

....

though distinct in shape have isomorphic graphs, and consequently they are isomorphic as local games. This reduces the number of eyeshapes in the database ‘patterns/eyes.db’.

A further simplification is obtained through our treatment of half eyes and false eyes. Such patterns are identified by the topological analysis (see section Topology of Half Eyes and False Eyes).

A half eye is isomorphic to the pattern (!.) . To see this, consider the following two eye shapes:

XOOOOOO
X.....O
XOOOOOO

and:

XXOOOOO
XOa...O
XbOOOOO
XXXXXXX

These are equivalent eyeshapes, with isomorphic local games {2|1}. The first has shape:

!....

The second eyeshape has a half eye at ‘a’ which is taken when ‘O’ or ‘X’ plays at ‘b’. This is found by the topological criterion (see section Topology of Half Eyes and False Eyes).

The graph of the eye_shape, ostensibly ‘....’ is modified by replacing the left ‘.’ by ‘!.’ during graph matching.

A false eye is isomorphic to the pattern (!) . To see this, consider the following eye shape:

XXXOOOOOO
X.Oa....O
XXXOOOOOO

This is equivalent to the two previous eyeshapes, with an isomorphic local game {2|1}.

This eyeshape has a false eye at ‘a’. This is also found by the topological criterion.

The graph of the eye_shape, ostensibly ‘.....’ is modified by replacing the left ‘.’ by ‘!’. This is made directly in the eye data, not only during graph matching.

8.6 Eye shape analysis

The patterns in ‘patterns/eyes.db’ are compiled into graphs represented essentially by arrays in ‘patterns/eyes.c’.

Each actual eye space as it occurs on the board is also compiled into a graph. Half eyes are handled as follows. Referring to the example

XXOOOOO
XOa...O
XbOOOOO
XXXXXX

repeated from the preceding discussion, the vertex at ‘b’ is added to the eyespace as a marginal vertex. The adjacency condition in the graph is a macro (in ‘optics.c’): two vertices are adjacent if they are physically adjacent, or if one is a half eye and the other is its key point.

In recognize_eyes(), each such graph arising from an actual eyespace is matched against the graphs in ‘eyes.c’. If a match is found, the result of the local game is known. If a graph cannot be matched, its local game is assumed to be {2|2}.

8.7 Eye Local Game Values

The game values in ‘eyes.db’ are given in a simplified scheme which is flexible enough to represent most possibilities in a useful way.

The colon line below the pattern gives the eye value of the matched eye shape. This consists of four digits, each of which is the number of eyes obtained during the following conditions:

1. The attacker moves first and is allowed yet another move because the defender plays tenuki.
2. The attacker moves first and the defender responds locally.
3. The defender moves first and the attacker responds locally.
4. The defender moves first and is allowed yet another move because the attacker plays tenuki.

The first case does not necessarily mean that the attacker is allowed two consecutive moves. This is explained with an example later.

Also, since two eyes suffice to live, all higher numbers also count as two.

The following 15 cases are of interest:

• 0000 0 eyes.
• 0001 0 eyes, but the defender can threaten to make one eye.
• 0002 0 eyes, but the defender can threaten to make two eyes.
• 0011 1/2 eye, 1 eye if defender moves first, 0 eyes if attacker does.
• 0012 3/4 eyes, 3/2 eyes if defender moves first, 0 eyes if attacker does.
• 0022 1* eye, 2 eyes if defender moves first, 0 eyes if attacker does.
• 0111 1 eye, attacker can threaten to destroy the eye.
• 0112 1 eye, attacker can threaten to destroy the eye, defender can threaten to make another eye.
• 0122 5/4 eyes, 2 eyes if defender moves first, 1/2 eye if attacker does.
• 0222 2 eyes, attacker can threaten to destroy both.
• 1111 1 eye.
• 1112 1 eye, defender can threaten to make another eye.
• 1122 3/2 eyes, 2 eyes if defender moves first, 1 eye if attacker does.
• 1222 2 eyes, attacker can threaten to destroy one eye.
• 2222 2 eyes.

The 3/4, 5/4, and 1* eye values are the same as in Howard Landman’s paper Eyespace Values in Go. Attack and defense points are only marked in the patterns when they have definite effects on the eye value, i.e. pure threats are not marked.

Examples of all different cases can be found among the patterns in this file. Some of them might be slightly counterintuitive, so we explain one important case here. Consider

Pattern 6141

 X
XX.@x

:1122

which e.g. matches in this position:

.OOOXXX
OOXOXOO
OXXba.O
OOOOOOO

Now it may look like ‘X’ could take away both eyes by playing ‘a’ followed by ‘b’, giving 0122 as eye value. This is where the subtlety of the definition of the first digit in the eye value comes into play. It does not say that the attacker is allowed two consecutive moves but only that he is allowed to play "another move". The crucial property of this shape is that when ‘X’ plays at a to destroy (at least) one eye, ‘O’ can answer at ‘b’, giving:

.OOOXXX
OO.OXOO
O.cOX.O
OOOOOOO

Now ‘X’ has to continue at ‘c’ in order to keep ‘O’ at one eye. After this ‘O’ plays tenuki and ‘X’ cannot destroy the remaining eye by another move. Thus the eye value is indeed 1122.

As a final note, some of the eye values indicating a threat depend on suicide to be allowed, e.g.

Pattern 301
 
X.X

:1222

We always assume suicide to be allowed in this database. It is easy enough to sort out such moves at a higher level when suicide is disallowed.

8.8 Topology of Half Eyes and False Eyes

A HALF EYE is a pattern where an eye may or may not materialize, depending on who moves first. Here is a half eye for O:

   OOXX
   O.O.
   OO.X

A FALSE EYE is an eye vertex which cannot become a proper eye. Here are two examples of false eyes for O:

   OOX         OOX
   O.O         O.OO
   XOO         OOX

We describe now the topological algorithm used to find half eyes and false eyes. In this section we ignore the possibility of ko.

False eyes and half eyes can locally be characterized by the status of the diagonal intersections from an eye space. For each diagonal intersection, which is not within the eye space, there are three distinct possibilities:

• occupied by an enemy (X) stone, which cannot be captured.
• either empty and X can safely play there, or occupied by an X stone that can both be attacked and defended.
• occupied by an O stone, an X stone that can be attacked but not defended, or it’s empty and X cannot safely play there.

We give the first possibility a value of two, the second a value of one, and the last a value of zero. Summing the values for the diagonal intersections, we have the following criteria:

• sum >= 4: false eye
• sum == 3: half eye
• sum <= 2: proper eye

If the eye space is on the edge, the numbers above should be decreased by 2. An alternative approach is to award diagonal points which are outside the board a value of 1. To obtain an exact equivalence we must however give value 0 to the points diagonally off the corners, i.e. the points with both coordinates out of bounds.

The algorithm to find all topologically false eyes and half eyes is:

For all eye space points with at most one neighbor in the eye space, evaluate the status of the diagonal intersections according to the criteria above and classify the point from the sum of the values.

8.9 Eye Topology with Ko

This section extends the topological eye analysis to handle ko. We distinguish between a ko in favor of ‘O’ and one in favor of ‘X’:

.?O?   good for O
OO.O
O.O?
XOX.
.X..

.?O?   good for X
OO.O
OXO?
X.X.
.X..

Preliminarily we give the former the symbolic diagonal value a and the latter the diagonal value b. We should clearly have 0 < a < 1 < b < 2. Letting e be the topological eye value (still the sum of the four diagonal values), we want to have the following properties:

e <= 2     - proper eye
2 < e < 3  - worse than proper eye, better than half eye
e = 3      - half eye
3 < e < 4  - worse than half eye, better than false eye
e >= 4     - false eye

In order to determine the appropriate values of a and b we analyze the typical cases of ko contingent topological eyes:

      .X..      (slightly) better than proper eye
(a)   ..OO          e < 2
      OO.O
      O.OO      e = 1 + a
      XOX.
      .X..

      .X..      better than half eye, worse than proper eye
(a')  ..OO      2 < e < 3
      OO.O
      OXOO      e = 1 + b
      X.X.
      .X..

      .X..      better than half eye, worse than proper eye
(b)   .XOO      2 < e < 3
      OO.O
      O.OO      e = 2 + a
      XOX.
      .X..

      .X..      better than false eye, worse than half eye
(b')  .XOO      3 < e < 4
      OO.O
      OXOO      e = 2 + b
      X.X.
      .X..

      .X..
      XOX.      (slightly) better than proper eye
(c)   O.OO          e < 2
      OO.O
      O.OO      e = 2a
      XOX.
      .X..

      .X..
      XOX.      proper eye, some aji
(c')  O.OO      e ~ 2
      OO.O
      OXOO      e = a + b
      X.X.
      .X..

      .X..
      X.X.      better than half eye, worse than proper eye
(c'') OXOO      2 < e < 3
      OO.O
      OXOO      e = 2b
      X.X.
      .X..

      .X...
      XOX..     better than half eye, worse than proper eye
(d)   O.O.X     2 < e < 3
      OO.O.
      O.OO.     e = 1 + 2a
      XOX..
      .X...

      .X...
      XOX..     half eye, some aji
(d')  O.O.X     e ~ 3
      OO.O.
      OXOO.     e = 1 + a + b
      X.X..
      .X...

      .X...
      X.X..     better than false eye, worse than half eye
(d'') OXO.X     3 < e < 4
      OO.O.
      OXOO.     e = 1 + 2b
      X.X..
      .X...

      .X...
      XOX..     better than false eye, worse than half eye
(e)   O.OXX     3 < e < 4
      OO.O.
      O.OO.     e =  2 + 2a
      XOX..
      .X...

      .X...
      XOX..     false eye, some aji
(e')  O.OXX     e ~ 4
      OO.O.
      OXOO.     e = 2 + a + b
      X.X..
      .X...

      .X...
      X.X..     (slightly) worse than false eye
(e'') OXOXX     4 < e
      OO.O.
      OXOO.     e = 2 + 2b
      X.X..
      .X...

It may seem obvious that we should use

(i)   a=1/2, b=3/2

but this turns out to have some drawbacks. These can be solved by using either of

(ii)  a=2/3, b=4/3
(iii) a=3/4, b=5/4
(iv)  a=4/5, b=6/5

Summarizing the analysis above we have the following table for the four different choices of a and b.

case    symbolic        a=1/2   a=2/3   a=3/4   a=4/5   desired
        value           b=3/2   b=4/3   b=5/4   b=6/5   interval
(a)     1+a             1.5     1.67    1.75    1.8         e < 2
(a')    1+b             2.5     2.33    2.25    2.2     2 < e < 3
(b)     2+a             2.5     2.67    2.75    2.8     2 < e < 3
(b')    2+b             3.5     3.33    3.25    3.2     3 < e < 4
(c)     2a              1       1.33    1.5     1.6         e < 2
(c')    a+b             2       2       2       2           e ~ 2
(c'')   2b              3       2.67    2.5     2.4     2 < e < 3
(d)     1+2a            2       2.33    2.5     2.6     2 < e < 3
(d')    1+a+b           3       3       3       3           e ~ 3
(d'')   1+2b            4       3.67    3.5     3.4     3 < e < 4
(e)     2+2a            3       3.33    3.5     3.6     3 < e < 4
(e')    2+a+b           4       4       4       4           e ~ 4
(e'')   2+2b            5       4.67    4.5     4.4     4 < e

We can notice that (i) fails for the cases (c”), (d), (d”), and (e). The other three choices get all values in the correct intervals. The main distinction between them is the relative ordering of (c”) and (d) (or analogously (d”) and (e)). If we do a more detailed analysis of these we can see that in both cases ‘O’ can secure the eye unconditionally if he moves first while ‘X’ can falsify it with ko if he moves first. The difference is that in (c”), ‘X’ has to make the first ko threat, while in (d), O has to make the first ko threat. Thus (c”) is better for O and ought to have a smaller topological eye value than (d). This gives an indication that (iv) is the better choice.

We can notice that any value of a, b satisfying a+b=2 and 3/4<a<1 would have the same qualities as choice (iv) according to the analysis above. One interesting choice is a=7/8, b=9/8 since these allow exact computations with floating point values having a binary mantissa. The latter property is shared by a=3/4 and a=1/2.

When there are three kos around the same eyespace, things become more complex. This case is, however, rare enough that we ignore it.

8.10 False Margins

The following situation is rare but special enough to warrant separate attention:

   OOOOXX
   OXaX..
   ------

Here ‘a’ may be characterized by the fact that it is adjacent to O’s eyespace, and it is also adjacent to an X group which cannot be attacked, but that an X move at ’a’ results in a string with only one liberty. We call this a false margin.

For the purpose of the eye code, O’s eyespace should be parsed as (X), not (X!).

8.11 Functions in ‘optics.c’

The public function make_domains() calls the function make_primary_domains() which is static in ‘optics.c’. It’s purpose is to compute the domains of influence of each color, used in determining eye shapes. Note: the term influence as used here is distinct from the influence in influence.c.

For this algorithm the strings which are not lively are invisible. Ignoring these, the algorithm assigns friendly influence to

1. every vertex which is occupied by a (lively) friendly stone,
2. every empty vertex adjoining a (lively) friendly stone,
3. every empty vertex for which two adjoining vertices (not on the first line) in the (usually 8) surrounding ones have friendly influence, with two CAVEATS explained below.

Thus in the following diagram, ‘e’ would be assigned friendly influence if ‘a’ and ‘b’ have friendly influence, or ‘a’ and ‘d’. It is not sufficent for ‘b’ and ‘d’ to have friendly influence, because they are not adjoining.

       uabc
        def
        ghi

The constraint that the two adjoining vertices not lie on the first line prevents influence from leaking under a stone on the third line.

The first CAVEAT alluded to above is that even if ‘a’ and ‘b’ have friendly influence, this does not cause ‘e’ to have friendly influence if there is a lively opponent stone at ‘d’. This constraint prevents influence from leaking past knight’s move extensions.

The second CAVEAT is that even if ‘a’ and ‘b’ have friendly influence this does not cause ‘e’ to have influence if there are lively opponent stones at ‘u’ and at ‘c’. This prevents influence from leaking past nikken tobis (two space jumps).

The corner vertices are handled slightly different.

   +---
   |ab
   |cd

We get friendly influence at ‘a’ if we have friendly influence at ‘b’ or ‘c’ and no lively unfriendly stone at ‘b’, ‘c’ or ‘d’.

Here are the public functions in ‘optics.c’, except some simple access functions used by autohelpers. The statically declared functions are documented in the source code.

• void make_domains(struct eye_data b_eye[BOARDMAX], struct eye_data w_eye[BOARDMAX], int owl_call)

  This function is called from make_dragons() and from owl_determine_life(). It marks the black and white domains (eyeshape regions) and collects some statistics about each one.

• void partition_eyespaces(struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], int color)

  Find connected eyespace components and compute relevant statistics.

• void propagate_eye(int origin, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX])

  propagate_eye(origin) copies the data at the (origin) to the rest of the eye (invariant fields only).

• int find_eye_dragons(int origin, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], int eye_color, int dragons[], int max_dragons)

  Find the dragon or dragons surrounding an eye space. Up to max_dragons dragons adjacent to the eye space are added to the dragon array, and the number of dragons found is returned.

• void compute_eyes(int pos, struct eyevalue *value, int *attack_point, int *defense_point, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX], int add_moves)

  Given an eyespace with origin pos, this function computes the minimum and maximum numbers of eyes the space can yield. If max and min are different, then vital points of attack and defense are also generated. If add_moves == 1, this function may add a move_reason for color at a vital point which is found by the function. If add_moves == 0, set color = EMPTY.

• void compute_eyes_pessimistic(int pos, struct eyevalue *value, int *pessimistic_min, int *attack_point, int *defense_point, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX])

  This function works like compute_eyes(), except that it also gives a pessimistic view of the chances to make eyes. Since it is intended to be used from the owl code, the option to add move reasons has been removed.

• void add_false_eye(int pos, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX])

  turns a proper eyespace into a margin.

• int is_eye_space(int pos)
• int is_proper_eye_space(int pos)

  These functions are used from constraints to identify eye spaces, primarily for late endgame moves.

• int max_eye_value(int pos)

  Return the maximum number of eyes that can be obtained from the eyespace at (i, j). This is most useful in order to determine whether the eyespace can be assumed to produce any territory at all.

• int is_marginal_eye_space(int pos)
• int is_halfeye(struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX], int pos)
• int is_false_eye(struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX], int pos)

  These functions simply return information about an eyeshape that has already been analyzed. (They do no real work.)

• void find_half_and_false_eyes(int color, struct eye_data eye[BOARDMAX], struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX], int find_mask[BOARDMAX])

  Find topological half eyes and false eyes by analyzing the diagonal intersections, as described in the Texinfo documentation (Eyes/Eye Topology).

• float topological_eye(int pos, int color, struct eye_data my_eye[BOARDMAX],struct half_eye_data heye[BOARDMAX])

  See Texinfo documentation (Eyes:Eye Topology). Returns:

  • 2 or less if pos is a proper eye for color;
  • between 2 and 3 if the eye can be made false only by ko
  • 3 if pos is a half eye;
  • between 3 and 4 if the eye can be made real only by ko
  • 4 or more if pos is a false eye.

  Attack and defense points for control of the diagonals are stored in the heye[] array. my_eye is the eye space information with respect to color.

• int obvious_false_eye(int pos, int color)

  Conservative relative of topological_eye(). Essentially the same algorithm is used, but only tactically safe opponent strings on diagonals are considered. This may underestimate the false/half eye status, but it should never be overestimated.

• void set_eyevalue(struct eyevalue *e, int a, int b, int c, int d)

  set parameters into the struct eyevalue as follows: (see section Eye Local Game Values):

  struct eyevalue { /* number of eyes if: */ unsigned char a; /* attacker plays first twice */ unsigned char b; /* attacker plays first */ unsigned char c; /* defender plays first */ unsigned char d; /* defender plays first twice */ };

• int min_eye_threat(struct eyevalue *e)

  Number of eyes if attacker plays first twice (the threat of the first move by attacker).

• int min_eyes(struct eyevalue *e)

  Number of eyes if attacker plays first followed by alternating play.

• int max_eyes(struct eyevalue *e)

  Number of eyes if defender plays first followed by alternating play.

• int max_eye_threat(struct eyevalue *e)

  Number of eyes if defender plays first twice (the threat of the first move by defender).

• void add_eyevalues(struct eyevalue *e1, struct eyevalue *e2, struct eyevalue *sum)

  Add the eyevalues *e1 and *e2, leaving the result in *sum. It is safe to let sum be the same as e1 or e2.

• char * eyevalue_to_string(struct eyevalue *e)

  Produces a string containing the eyevalue. Note: the result string is stored in a statically allocated buffer which will be overwritten the next time this function is called.

• void test_eyeshape(int eyesize, int *eye_vertices) /* Test whether the optics code evaluates an eyeshape consistently. */
• int analyze_eyegraph(const char *coded_eyegraph, struct eyevalue *value, char *analyzed_eyegraph)

  Analyze an eye graph to determine the eye value and vital moves. The eye graph is given by a string which is encoded with ‘%’ for newlines and ‘O’ for spaces. E.g., the eye graph

  ! .X !...

  is encoded as OO!%O.X%!.... (The encoding is needed for the GTP interface to this function.) The result is an eye value and a (nonencoded) pattern showing the vital moves, using the same notation as eyes.db. In the example above we would get the eye value 0112 and the graph (showing ko threat moves)

  .X !.*.

  If the eye graph cannot be realized, 0 is returned, 1 otherwise.

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